Culture The Light Of A Society - 1097 Words

Ghayoor Mulk Professor Stites History 86 5th October 2016 Culture; The Light of a Society A nation stays alive when its beliefs, values, history and cultural integrity stay alive, and a nation dies when it’s mentioned unique identities die. Culture constitutes a complex tissue of mutual relationships and set different forms of tradition and expression within a society. Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India are the heartlands of various cultures, yet they share many identities. Historically, these are the main locations from which the most dominant cultural ideas have spread. The Egyptian is one of the ancient cultures and is unique in many mysterious ways. The way their religion motivated their architecture and their belief, is very interesting and astonishing. Egypt still holds some of the world’s greatest mysteries, such as; pyramids, temples, tombs and monuments. Egyptians had a remarkable number of gods and goddesses. The Pharaoh was at the heart of Egypt’s ritual life. There were the sun, moon, and stars; from these things the Egyptians made their hierarchy of Gods and religion. Ancient Egyptians had a very positive attitude toward daily life. They followed the advice of the wisdom literature, which was marrying at a young age and forming a family. Husband was allowed to keep additional wives if his first wife was childless. The husband was the master in the house, but wives were very much respected and in charge of the household and education of the children.Show MoreRelated The Medium is the Message Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medium is the Message McLuhan’s work with literature and culture produced the revolutionary thought that â€Å"the medium is the message.† In other words, cultures are changed not only by the â€Å"content† of technology, but also by the technology itself. The basic â€Å"content† of technology is easy to recognize. 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Human Rights Trials And Truth Commissions - 882 Words

Conjunctive use of human rights trials and truth commissions The preceding discussions, in their entirety, validate the inherent predisposition of the objectives, benefits and quality of disclosures during truth-telling in transitional societies to interrogation, precisely how this truth-telling can be esteemed as rendering justice for GHRV when weighed against human rights trials. Sikkink and Booth Walling vehemently oppose the impression that transitional societies are obligated with selecting between ‘truth’ and ‘justice’, especially that truth commissions are an executable surrogate strategy to human rights trials. They advocate for a conjunctive application of ‘truth’, through truth commissions, and ‘justice’, through human rights†¦show more content†¦Propelling each of the three in delicate post-struggle settings requires key arranging, cautious incorporation and sensible sequencing of exercises. Methodologies concentrating just on some establishment or overlooking common socie ty or casualties, won t be powerful. Our way to deal with equity segment must be extensive in its thoughtfulness regarding the greater part of its associated organizations, delicate to the key gatherings and careful to the requirement for complementarity between transitional equity systems. Our fundamental part is not to assemble universal substitutes for national structures but rather to fabricate local equity limits Justice, peace and democracy are not mutually exclusive objectives but rather mutually reinforcing imperatives. Advancing all three in fragile post-conflict settings requires strategic planning, careful integration and sensible sequencing of activities. Approaches focusing only on one or another institution or ignoring civil society or victims, will not be effective. Our approach to justice sector must be comprehensive in its attention to all of its interdependent institutions, sensitive to the key groups and mindful to the need for complementarity between transitional justice mechanisms. Our main role is not to build international substitutes for national structures but to help build domestic justice capacities. Human rights

Marketing intelligence in SMEs

Question: Flesh out a market plan for the product, discussing key elements of the 3 Cs and the 4 Ps. Identify Why you are choosing the strategies you choose and the interactions of the different strategic elements. Be specific and make necessary assumptions where appropriate.? Answer: Developing a marketing plan: Marketing involves a lot of preparation and also takes lot of time to develop an effective plan for any particular product in the market. A strong and developed marketing plan will help to ensure that what is to be scheduled and hoe much amount of funds are necessary to be spent so that a product could be developed into the market. It is necessary to build up a marketing plan because it does a lot to build up a product in the market. It involves everything to help to understand the target market and also seek to understand the competitive position in the market of that particular company or any particular product. It also helps to create a level of differentiation from the other competitors so that the company can make a sale out of the product as well as of the company. This also helps to achieve the marketing goals and objectives within a short span of time (Cacciolatti Fearne, 2013). The company had strategized and had planned to develop a pattern of computer display that comes with rigid rectangular surfaces that is the scroll type computers. If any individual wants to use a computer display then they can simply grab on the side of the tube and put the scroll out of the tube. The diameter is usually larger and all the electronics are within that particular tube. The size of the screen is usually based according to the length of the tube. These kind of displays are compatible with all the formats of the operating system and it comes with full HD color display as well. The scroll type monitors are considered to be 10% more expensive when compared with other type of displays that are available in the market. The sizes if such type of screens also needs to be compared with the other available monitor screens available in the market (Malhotra Dash, 2013). The target consumer market for such type of monitoring screen are very fragmented and there are few dominant players who come into the role and they play a significant role here. The technology is more updated with personal computer monitoring system. There are various other particular segments that customizes their own needs. There are students and other corporate travelers who come up with their own needs and these consumers tend to stay away from the desk and they are more aligned to use mobiles. They are in need of a high quality and stable monitor so that they can be saved from alien monsters like the corporate world desktops that have giant screen to work for. The computer monitor market is been said to be growing every year by 10 percent. But the margins after selling it is becoming very low (Okeudo Margaret, 2013). This happens mainly because of the fact that there is a need for customization and also of private label activity that is said to have taken place with personal c omputer manufacturers and some of it also takes place because of high sales promotional activities. The consumers need to purchase a new computer monitor every time whenever they purchases a new computer from the market. Proper business planning will necessarily ensure 3Cs and 4Ps as well in the market. These will help to exercise and make the exercise more valuable in terms of its other businesses. It helps to make a business well-structured and organized and helps a business to grow and sustain in an organized way as well. The 3Cs of a company are Company, customer and competition. On the other hand the 4PS are product, price, promotion and place. Company: the company matters a lot while developing any new product in the market. Here the product that is been discussed is scroll type personal computer displays. It is very important to see that what type of marketing and RD team is been there within the team so that they can help extensively in developing the new product and also help in promoting the new product in the market as well (Stosic, 2014). Customers: here the target customers are students and the corporate users those who are bored of using desktops. They were in need of a high quality and stable monitors so that they could be saved from the alien monsters of the corporate desktops. They were more aligned to use mobiles so that their work would just be a click away. Such customers were in need of a low desktop space and they required large screens for spreadsheets, email and also using word documents. Also there are general residential users who need such scroll type personal computer displays to use social media as a time of their leisure time. Also they required email answering and doing elementary school kid homework. People try to upgrade these screens as a part of their personal computers. Competition: The Company as well as the product received a tough competition. There were few dominant players who gave tough competition. It was important to differentiate the product as and when it is been compared with its competitors. The company being a small enterprise also received competition from the small players and the new entrants those who are coming in the market. The main reason that they received high competition because such scroll type displays were a bit expensive therefore not every people could afford with that much of ease and comfort. The 4Ps of the product are as follows: Product: the product is been designed in a shape of a tube apart from the usual ones that comes in a rectangular surfaces. If any individual wants to use a computer display the can simply grab the ring on the side of the tube and gently put the scroll out of the tube. The electronics that are present in the tube are also larger in diameter than as compared to a dry erase marker. The size of the screen is based on the length of the tube. The display comes along with visual of full color HD display. And such screens are compatible with all operating system formats ('Technology-Driven Online Marketing Performance Measurement: 2014). Price: When the sizes are been compared with the rigid computers these type of monitors are about 10 percent more expensive. These type of displays are expected to be sold in all the retail shops at a price between $400-$800 that is based on the size of the monitors and the screens as well. Place: place is determined by the demographic condition about the product that is been highlighted in the company. Here the major demographic segment includes the target customers who are students and the corporate users those who are bored of using desktops. They were in need of a high quality and stable monitors so that they could be saved from the alien monsters of the corporate desktops. They were more aligned to use mobiles so that their work would just be a click away. Such customers were in need of a low desktop space and they required large screens for spreadsheets, email and also using word documents. Promotion: These type of computer monitor market is been growing at 10 percent every year but the sales margins were low. The promotional activities mainly involved intensive sales promotions that are required to get the customers and they are instigated to buy new monitors every time whenever they purchase a new computer. References Cacciolatti, L. and Fearne, A. (2013). Marketing intelligence in SMEs: implications for the industry and policy makers.Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 31(1), pp.4-26. Malhotra, N. and Dash, S. (2013). Future of research in marketing in emerging economies.Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 31(2). Okeudo, G. and Margaret, O. (2013). The Impact of Marketing Mix (4Ps) on Warehousing Operations: Case Study of Unilever Nigeria PLC.American Journal of Business and Management, 2(2). Rahman, K. (2013). Wow! It's cool: the meaning of coolness in marketing.Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 31(6), pp.620-638. Rakonjac-Antic, T. (2013). Management of key pension plan risks from the user aspects.Marketing, 44(2), pp.128-136. Stosic, I. (2014). The role of marketing in corporate restructuring in crisis period.Marketing, 45(1), pp.41-49. Tapp, A. and Spotswood, F. (2013). From the 4Ps to COM-SM: reconfiguring the social marketing mix.Journal of Social Marketing, 3(3), pp.206-222. Technology-Driven Online Marketing Performance Measurement:. (2014).International Journal of Online Marketing, 4(4), pp.0-0.

Politicization of Bureaucracy in Pakistan free essay sample

Human societies have been gone through a drastic shift from a very simple life (stone age),to a very complex life, which is now termed as Post-Modern societies or states. Due to this transition, systems had evolved into formal and well organized manner. Now for smooth functioning of a society or state, institute of Government is needed. So Governments are key elements of our social lives and their actions routinely shape the lives of individuals. Governments, which ever political systems they belong to; are not a single entity rather are composed of many departments, institutions and agencies; which jointly work together to ensure smooth running of society. Today the concept of governance carries an important ground. It is the use of political authority and use of control over policy matters to achieve the goal of people’s welfare (K. Sumrin, 2008). The main objective of good governance is to achieve harmony of society, rule of law, economic stability and improved life standards of people and this is done bf devising policies. We will write a custom essay sample on Politicization of Bureaucracy in Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although, policy making is attributed to elected representatives in a democratic form of governance however, the task of implementation however remains attributed to the bureaucratic machinery which forms the lifeblood of administration. Bureaucracies form an integral part of the government and they do a lot more than just execution of policies. A bureaucrat can be the secretary of a ministry, the CEO of a state enterprise, Director General or a street level bureaucrat such as welfare departments, lower courts, legal services offices, and other agencies. To which ever cadre they belong, bureaucrats have a crucial role to play in delivering governance In short, bureaucracy in the developing countries are seen as engine of growth, development and an agent of change. Characteristics of Bureaucracy: The term bureaucracy was firstly coined by Max Weber for formal organizations concerned with efficiency. It is defined as: â€Å"An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. † There are following six key elements of the ideal bureaucratic organization identified by Max Weber: Specialization Hierarchy of offices Rules and regulations Technical competence Impersonality Formal, written communications All these characteristics were mean to promote efficiency by carefully hiring workers and limiting the unpredictable effects of personal taste and opinion. Considering the ideal model of Weberian bureaucracy the legal-rational bureaucracy is focused to compliance to the direction from the political representatives of the people. State of bureaucracy in Pakistan: Pakistan had a small bureaucracy at the time of independence. However in the past five decades it has grown and expanded and become a fairly large and amorphous lot. Federal government employs over 5 lac civil servants. Out this 90 percent are between Grades 1–15, while 10 percent are in Grades 16–22. Of these the CSS officers comprise around 5 percent. After studying literature on the nature and role of bureaucracy in Pakistan, it shows that it is far from the ideal model of Webers bureaucracy which brings efficiency in governance process. Literature suggests that the nature and function of bureaucracy depends majorly on level of socio-economic development and political system of the society. But in the case of Pakistan where politics is a function of Patronage, bureaucracy remains plagued with institutional decline and their compliance generally comes from coercive (in case of autocratic regimes) and negotiable (in case of democratic regimes) means (S. Saeed, 1999). Research Problem: By considering the importance of the role of bureaucracy for promoting peaceful atmosphere in the society and its politicized nature in Pakistan this research aims to investigate the following problem: â€Å"Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been highly politicized with every change of government which lowered its capacity to maintain law and order for keeping peaceful atmosphere in the society. † Objectives: To analyze the importance of the role of bureaucracy for maintenance of law and order in Pakistan. To find out the reasons and impact of politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan. To find out some solutions in order to sort out the issue. Research Methodology: By keeping in view the nature and objectives of the study, qualitative research approach using grounded theory method of unstructured interviews was used. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample of the study. Total of 4 key informants were selected based on equal gender representation, 2 male respondents and 2 female respondents. Data was collected through 3 personal face to face interviews and 1 telephonic interview to get all possible facts pertaining to the problem. An unstructured interview guide (see appendix 1) was developed to remain focus on the problem being investigated. In addition, responses were recorded by using the note-taking technique to create a positive environment for interviews and to keep the respondents at ease. The maximum time for conducting interviews remained between 60-75 minutes. After gathering the data, it was carefully analyzed by using the technique of â€Å"Thematic Analysis†. Responses were organized around the common themes which were derived out of the thematic analysis. Data Analysis: This section includes the transcripts along with the analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered by in-depth interviews of key informants. As discussed above data is thematically analyzed to get the deeper insight of the problem. Along with it Transcripts of interviews are also included. Personal profile of Interviewees: The 4 in-depth interviews were conducted 2 from males and 2 from females’ respondents. There personal profile along with the type of interview and time duration is given in the table below: Personal Information of Respondents Name Gender Professional status Time duration of interview Mode of Interview Dr. Zikria Zakar Male Dean of faculty of Social Sciences,Punjab University 57 minutes Face to face Ms. Habiba Rana Female Assistant director (LDA) grade-18 65 minutes Face to face Anonymous* Female Civil servant(grade 21) 75 minutes Face to face Naik Muhammad Khan Male Secretary public welfare Punjab 45 minutes Telephonic Transcripts Transcript of Dr. Zikria Zakars Interview [Q-1] In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? â€Å"Bureaucracy has a very crucial role in the governance itself because we cannot de-link the state from the governance process. An efficient bureaucracy is imperative to advance good governance. The primary function of bureaucracy is the execution and enforcement of the laws made by the legislature and policies decided by the political executive. Besides this the other important functions are: Carrying out administration, offering policy advice, articulating interests and maintaining political stability. â€Å"I think to run the administration of a country nicely, a band of capabl  officers are required. In Pakistan, bureaucracy has always been an elite service. The bureaucrats are rich, highly privileged and in many ways more powerful than most politicians of our country. † [Q-2] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes, most of the bureaucrats are de-facto party sympathizers and are guided by unofficial political a ffiliations rather than the indifference their jobs require†. [Q-3] In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? Well in my opinion, the main reasons for this dilemma are: â€Å"We did not do any serious efforts to manage our national affairs due to which we are facing a huge number of problems in all spheres of life and this bureaucratic inertia is one of them. Our bureaucracy is always willing to accept under -the- table payments. I admit that not all people are corrupt; obviously few are here to help the people, but usually â€Å"side lined†. â€Å"Similarly poor accountability mechanism makes it extremely difficult to challenge bureaucrats when there are disagreements. † â€Å"Another reason is the state of affairs in the country is characterized by rampant corruption at all levels leading to a break down in the rule of law and lack of accountability all around. All these things lead to collapse of our governance structure. And I strongly believe that this failure is the result of public bureaucracy that has failed to perform because they are managerially incompetent and lacking in accountability. † â€Å"There is no transparency in the functioning of bureaucracy. No one knows who is responsible for what. This has provided the ideal climate for corruption and allowing the politicization of the bureaucrats. † [Q-4] What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"It is quite obvious that such sympathies cause a conflict of public and personal interests and which significantly leads towards poor performance as well as increase in level of corruption in the form of embezzlement, abuse of power and extortion etc. † [Q-5] What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"Well I think, the political leadership must do their own job of establishing policy and holding public service managers accountable for their wrong actions. Although, I know this will face tough challenges but it should be the first step. † Which sort of challenges? â€Å"Like to create political consensus. † â€Å"I think if we want any kind of reforms in bureaucracy, there is a need to define the whole idea of public value and then re-inculcated in the cycle of bureaucracy. As we have lost this value†. â€Å"Bureaucrats have become masters of obfuscation in our country so things cannot continue as they are. That is why there is a need of immediate downsizing of bureaucracies to reduce the government payroll and also to improve efficiency†. Transcript of Ms. Habibas interview [Q-1] In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? â€Å"It is quite true that state functions are dependent on political parties, bureaucratic administration, judiciary and the military so whenever one of them fails, the next in line takes its position of command. It is usually taught that bureaucracy and its functions leads towards more efficient results but as far as my personal experience is concerned, honestly I did not see any practical significance of all these functions rather in my opinion, they have become the main obstacles in smooth running of day to day work†. [Q-2] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes it is very much true that bureaucracy has been highly politicized and this state machinery and perks are used for private use and interests. State funds are exploited for private purposes. Every political party tried their best to appoint bureaucrats of their own choice on all those important positions which can have any kind of direct or indirect influence on government†. â€Å"Appointment of Chairman of NAB, IGs, and the most recent example is the termination of chairman of NADRA etc. There are various such examples around us†. [Q-3] In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? â€Å"I strongly believe that political leadership feeble nature allowed the bureaucrats to take over the reins of the country. Such self-centered politicians open floodgates of opportunities for institutional breaches. It is a usual practice that junior officers are promoted out of turn to burden them with favors, which they later return to their political benefactors†. â€Å"As i said earlier, that our political parties and leaders created this culture of favoritism and political affiliation in bureaucracy. Now it has become a norm to use bureaucrats for personal interests. On the other hand, bureaucracies themselves are inclined towards personal gains in term of promotions and money etc. So both sides are equally responsible for administrative inefficiency. What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"All the negative results are in-front of us including poor situation of law and order, extensive corruption in national projects, destruction of infrastructure and inefficiency of all major public organizations etc. All these are the product of bureaucratic mess†. [Q-5] What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue? â€Å"I do not think any measure can be taken in the situation where everyone is involved in corruption in one way to another. They delay major projects of national interest just to serve personal interests. We need a revolutionary kind of reforms both in political as well as in bureaucratic structure. All setup should be replaced by the best talent, regardless of political antecedent†. Transcript of 18th grade Civil servants Interview (Respondents profile is not provided to ensure anonymity according to agreement) [Q-1] In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? â€Å"In developing countries, bureaucracy is considered to be an engine of good governance and development as along with other public institutions, it was expected to provide leadership, order and stability in the country. In modern political systems, bureaucracy is expected to ensure continuity of policies, political order, and stability, uphold rule of law, and promote economic development and cultural cohesion. [Q-2] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes a lot of political interference peeped into the bureaucratic structure, causing negative impact on administration and governance. The government servants could play a positive role in establishing good governance in the country only if they had a sense of security. It is possible only if they have assurance that no adverse action would be taken against them for non-compliance of any illegal order or direction of his superiors or political heads†. â€Å"The government had established the National Accountability Bureau with a view to eradicating corruption and corrupt practices and hold accountable all those persons accused of such practices. However, it has failed to perform its functions to the expectation of the general public because the concerned officials of NAB did succumb to the external or internal pressures. Resultantly, the large sums of public money, illegally plundered, could not be recovered, This is only one example; our history is full of such political interferences. [Q-3] In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? â€Å"Because of favoritism, nepotism and also due to exploitation of the government employees through their appointments, removals and promotions. In Pakistan the appointment and removal of civil servants always remain politically motivated. All these help to serve their personal interests†. [Q-4] What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"Consequences are quite obvious â€Å"It triggered the lowering of standards, violation of principles of good administration, thus paving way for nepotism, and political interference, leading to poor governance, maladministration and indeed corruption. Can you please identify some ways of corruption in our bureaucracies? All forms of misuse of authority should be seen as corruption, these mainly include: violation of formal standard operating procedures, appeasing the power elite, unnecessary government expenditure, nepotism, bribery and illegal financial kick-backs for granting tenders. What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"It is necessary that best talent of country be attracted to civil services. Since bureaucracy has been so notorious for its political role, most of educated class avoids taking the competitive exam. They instead prefer the private sector and multinational firms as they not only pay well but also do not require dependence on any patronage for career advancement†. â€Å"Another measure which should be taken without delay is the strengthening of a system of accountability and procedural control†. â€Å"I also think that Public Service Commission must be fairly autonomous†. Transcript of Mr. Naik Muhammad Khans interview [Q-1] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes, since the very first regime of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, several key bureaucrats showed a readiness for increasing their role in political affairs. Individuals such as Malik Ghulam Muhammad and Iskander Mirza who ascended to the apex of political power in Pakistan originally hailed from the bureaucracy and lacked democratic credentials†. In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? â€Å"An absence of competent and assertive political leadership creates space for other actors to intervene on the pretext that the country needs to be saved from anarchy and corruption. Both the bureaucracy, and the military of Pakistan, has used this vacuum created by the political leadership whenever it seemed convenient to them†. [Q-3] What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"A politicized bureaucracy is fertile ground for nepotism, jobbery, financial corruption and other forms of misuse of authority. The outcome of all this is inevitably a situation where merit, honesty and diligence are compromised making the functioning of bureaucracy significantly less effective and efficient†. [Q-4] What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"Politicians must lead from the front; they must practice, promote and enforce strict non-interference in order to bring on track actors belonging to political and administrative domains of governance. Furthermore, better accountability should be ensured so that misuse of office can be curbed and a constructive work-ethic could be harnessed†. Thematic Analysis Due to qualitative nature of research, data is analyzed thematically. Researcher read the transcripts again and again in order became familiar with respondents opinions and explanations regarding the topic and hence identified the following themes from the data: First theme: Importance of the role of bureaucracy It is interpreted through the analysis of in-depth interviews that all the respondents were of the view that bureaucracy plays a significant role in the state structure. An efficient bureaucracy is imperative to advance good governance. E. g. Dr. Zikria said â€Å"I think to run the administration of a country nicely, a band of capable officers are required. † Similarly according to Ms. Habiba â€Å"It is quite true that state functions are dependent on political parties, bureaucratic administration, judiciary and the military † Similar views were shared by another respondent who said that â€Å"Bureaucracy is considered as an engine of good governance. † Second theme: Politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan Analysis of responses shows that all the four respondents shared this opinion that in Pakistan, it is clearly evident that bureaucracy has been highly politicized. It lacks neutrality and indifference that their jobs require. While giving opinion Dr. Zikria said that â€Å"Yes, most of the bureaucrats are de-facto party sympathizers and are guided by unofficial political affiliations. † According to Habiba Rana â€Å"Every political party tried their best to appoint favorite officer on all those positions which can have any kind of direct or indirect influence on government. † Second female respondent argued that â€Å"A lot of political interference peeped into bureaucratic structure, causing negative impacts on administration and governance. † Same views were also shared by Mr. Naik by saying â€Å"since the very first regime of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, several key bureaucrats showed a readiness for increasing their role in political affairs. † Third theme: Reasons and consequences of politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan It is interpreted from the responses that poor accountability mechanism, managerial incompetency, lack of transparency in bureaucratic functions and the culture of favoritism are the main factors for politicization. For example while answering the question related to reasons for politicization of bureaucracy Ms. Habiba said that â€Å"it’s become norm to use bureaucrats for personal use on the other hand, bureaucrats themselves are inclined towards gaining benefits † Thus it is interpreted that all these reasons leads towards negative consequences or impacts on states functioning because politicized bureaucracy provides a fertile ground for nepotism, jobbery, financial corruption and other forms of misuse of authority. The common ways of corruption which highlighted by most of respondents were appeasing the power elite, bribery, illegal financial kick-backs for granting tenders, misuse of authority, embezzlement, allocation of state land to private interests, before time promotions and illegal perks etc. Fourth theme: Possible Measures All the respondents came up with their own recommendations in order to sort out this issue. Some common ideas were as: Revolutionary kinds of reforms are needed in both political and bureaucratic structure. The best talent, regardless of political antecedent must be employed. A system of accountability and procedural control must also be strengthened. It is important to mention here that no major differences in the opinions were find regarding the politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan which lowered its capacity to maintain law and order for keeping peaceful atmosphere in the society. Conclusion: It is concluded from the analysis of responses that all were in the view that bureaucracy has a very crucial role in the governance itself. But sadly, Politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan is the biggest menace, which plagues governance and both politicians and bureaucrats are implicit in the crime. It is the need of time to bring reforms in bureaucratic functioning in order to maintain law and order peaceful atmosphere in the society. References Shafqat, S. (1999). Pakistani bureaucracy: Crisis of Governance and Prospects of Reforms. The Pakistan Development Review, 38, 995-1017. Kalia, S. (2009). Bureaucratic policy making in Pakistan. The Dialouge, 8, 2. Biber, H. , Leavy, P. (2010). The Practice of Quantitative Research: SAGE. Appendix: 1 Interview Guide In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy?

Surgery by text message - Emphasis

Surgery by text message Surgery by text message For once, a positive story about text messaging is doing the rounds. A surgeon has instructed another to perform an amputation through the short message service (SMS texting to you and me). The details have the ingredients of a classic news story. Surprise for one (most stories about texting are negative eg blaming it for killing the English language). Then there is Death and destruction (the BBC reported that the surgeon who carried out the operation did it in war-torn Congo); and Heroism (he was working for Medecins sans Frontieres). And theres the fact that the amputation (Drama) was to remove the arm of a 16-year-old boy (children are also usually very newsworthy). Lets be clear. This was undoubtedly a huge achievement, especially as the teenager recovered from the operation. Its also remarkable that cheap technology can now be used to transmit written instructions into warzones. But was it me, or did James Naughtie of the BBCs flagship Today morning radio programme sound just a little disappointed when vascular surgeon Mr David Nott explained what really happened? Mr Nott had needed to perform a four-quarter amputation on the boy, whod already lost most of his arm. This was major surgery, which involved removing the collarbone and shoulder blade as well as what remained of the arm itself. But the reason for needing the instructions was not that hed never performed an amputation before. Rather, it was that there was only one specialist in the whole of the UK who specialised in four-quarter amputation: Professor Meirion Thomas of Londons Royal Marsden Hospital, a former colleague of Mr Nott. Mr Nott did not perform the operation with a scalpel in one hand and his mobile phone in the other, as you might infer from press reports. Instead, hed calmly emailed Professor Thomas the night before the operation, explaining the situation and checking with his former mentor that the procedure was appropriate. When he got confirmation that it was, a couple more texts followed to check the details. He then slept on the decision and confirmed that he would go ahead when he awoke the next morning. Nor was Professor Thomas on holiday in the Azores, as the BBC and several newspapers said; he was in London. (Naughtie muttered something along the lines of, Oh, well we got that from the papers.) There are two lessons to take from this. First, it will help you get news coverage for your organisation if you make sure your press release contains as many core news values as possible. Second, most news you read or hear reported is far from objective. The BBC was still reporting nine hours later that the boy was from war-torn Congo. This was despite the fact that, according to Mr Nott, his injury had nothing to do with the war: the boys arm was bitten off by a hippo. Emphasis runs courses on writing for publication. Contact us for details. For more on getting press releases noticed, click here.

How To Make An Infographic In 7 Easy Steps

How To Make An Infographic In 7 Easy Steps Infographics are 30 times more likely to be read than a purely textual article. Love them or hate them, they are a rising content type for reaching your audience. Infographics are also the highest shared content type and therefore, one of the best and quickest ways to communicate data to your audience. As a designer who loves numbers, I personally fall into the ‘love’ category with infographics, but I realize that not everyone has been taught how to make this popular content type. While infographics are easy to digest, they’re not necessarily easy to create, so I hope to enlighten you in how to make an infographic in 7 easy steps from research all the way to publishing. Alright, lets do this! #Infographics are 30 times more likely to be read than a purely textual article. via @ashtonwirrenga 1. Find A Topic Before beginning any project, we must begin with two questions: ‘What?' and ‘Why?' We should know exactly what the goal of each project is, and exactly why it’s important. If you skip these two questions, two outcomes are bound to happen. Either you'll start working and get lost somewhere in the middle of the project, or you’ll create something awesome that has no purpose, which is quite sad. Personally, I’d rather make something awesome AND have it reach a goal. Then it's a win-win for everyone! In order to do that, every great infographic must begin with a good topic. Ask Yourself: What are people asking about? What problem does my audience have? What current ideas could be better explored and communicated? For example, at , we noticed that everyone was asking, "What's the best time to post on social media?" and so we turned that very question into a blog post and then an  infographic. Use the three questions above to  help you narrow in on a topic that will engage your audience and guide you through the creation process. Want to know how to make an infographic from a post you've already written? Skip to step #3 Pro Tip: Create a survey or engage with your audience on social media to see what problems you could solve with your infographic. 2. Do Your Research Now that you have a stellar topic, it’s time to do  research. This step might take some time, but it’s absolutely critical so embrace it and dig in. Find absolutely everything you can around that concept by beginning with the large resources, and then move onto the small bits and pieces that may be hiding. Again, don't be scared to invest significant time into this stage. Research is the very core of an infographic, so it's worth it in the long run. Research is the very core of an #infographic, so it's worth it in the long run. #contentmarketingGet Perspective Search for similar counterparts and find out why your topic is essential to what you’re trying to prove. Then, explore the ideas that completely oppose it. This will give you a wholesome perspective, and might even surprise or counter your initial idea. Let the data shape your topic and adjust when necessary. Remember, infographics are first and foremost research; however, boring data designed nicely  will still end up as a boring infographic. While it might seem tedious, take the time to find interesting data so you can set yourself up for one heck of an infographic.

Visionary Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Visionary Role - Essay Example He/she uses electronic devices; problem-based learning and the media to access resources, which enhances his/her practice and performance. In addition, a nurse practitioner rapidly expands his/her knowledge through the increasing utilization of informatics and technology in education and practice. The nursing role is also patient-centered care, which incorporates safety, engagement and privacy of the patient (Sines, Saunders, & Forbes-Burford, 2013). According to the United States Bureau of Statistics, in the next 50 years, the population of the elderly will have increased drastically. The generation of baby boom, that is, babies born between 1946 to 1964, will be over 65 years between 2011 t0 2029. In the United States, the population of the elderly will be 19 million between 2000 and 2020. The improvements in nutrition, medical care and safety have increased longevity, which means the number of elderly will grow more. This implies that many people will have disabilities, chronic di seases and living in substandard conditions and in institutions. Hence, these individuals will require considerably more healthcare services than the younger generations. Currently, the scope of a nurse practitioner entails prevention and wellness services; diagnosis and management of various common uncomplicated diseases and chronic diseases, such as diabetes. Nurse practitioners have the same capabilities, skills and knowledge as physicians; however, they are limited in the scope of their work. In the future, it is expected that the scope of nurse practitioners will be broadened, in order to allow them prescribe medication without supervision from a physician; practice autonomously in retail clinics; certify home healthcare visits and admission of patients to hospitals. The specific responsibilities of a family nurse practitioner are: offer general and preventive care; treatment of diseases; conduct check-ups; prescribe medication for adults and children and order for laboratory t ests. The specific responsibility that might change is prescription of medication under the supervision of a physician. A family nurse practitioner forms an effective collaboration with a physician. Both the physician and the nurse practitioner have similar roles; nevertheless, a physician brings in more expertise and in-depth knowledge to patient care. In addition, a physician has the capability to make advanced clinical decisions and carry out special procedures; thus, serving as an outstanding resource in practice. The combination of the two roles results in the sharing of similar objectives and reflecting each other’s practice, which gives a comparable and consistent patient medical management (Clarin, 2007). The role of a family nurse practitioner is relevant in various medical systems, such as: hospitals; community health care centers and private practice. The structure of hospitals flows in a hierarchical order in the following manner: Directors; Executives; Department Administrators; Patient Care Managers and Service Providers. The population that is served by a family nurse practitioner is diverse. The number of the elderly is higher compared to other age groups. This implies that there are many individuals with disabilities and chronic diseases; many live in substandard conditions, institutions or alone. There is the group of ethnic

Criminal Law and Procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal Law and Procedure - Essay Example If the officer is in hot pursuit of the defendant the officer may make a warrant less search of the subject2, but other circumstances need to indicate probable cause to apprehend the suspect or make a warrant less entry into a private home3. Flight alone would not merit probable cause4, but the immediate knowledge of the defendant in flight of a felony such as armed assault would be probable cause and justify an arrest. If the suspect is injured and unarmed then the officer may still enter the garage under the emergency doctrine. Under the emergency doctrine, law enforcement officers may enter a dwelling without a warrant when they reasonably believe that a person within is in need of immediate aid5. 2) Formulate a set of circumstances in which there is probable cause to search but not arrest, in which there is probable cause to arrest but not probable cause to search, in which there is probable cause to both arrest and to search. At 9:35pm officer McCoy notices a blue sedan parked in the parking lot of Clemency Park. Clemency Park is not open to the public after 9:45pm. Officer McCoy gets out of his cruiser and approaches the blue sedan with the intention of informing the driver that he will not be allowed to be on Park ground including the parking lot in another 10 minutes. Officer McCoy, who is familiar with the smell of marijuana, catches a strong odor of marijuana 3 feet from the blue sedan. The officer takes note that there are no other vehicles in the parking lot and the odor must be coming from the sedan. Officer McCoy approaches the vehicle with his flash light positioned toward the driver side and knocks on the driver side window. The driver rolls down the window. Officer McCoy catches an even stronger sent of marijuana coming from the inside of the vehicle. Upon questioning the driver refuses to answer any of the officer's inquiries. Officer McCoy now has probable cause to search the vehicle. After a search of the driver's person and vehicle Officer McCoy found no drugs or drug paraphernalia or any other contraband. The officer had the right to make a warrant less search but not a warrant less arrest. Probable Cause to Arrest but not Probable Cause to Search Mr. Tomas was distributing pamphlets in the lobby of a Masonic Temple. An authorized representative of the temple asked Mr. Tomas to leave the building. Mr. Thomas refused to leave the building and continued distributing pamphlets. About Ten minutes later two officers arrived by call of the temple representative. The officers asked Mr. Thomas to leave the temple. Mr. Thomas refused to comply with the officer's request. The two officer's subsequently arrested Mr. Thomas on the charge of Trespassing. The officers had probable cause to arrest Mr. Thomas but no cause to search without a warrant. Probable Cause to both Arrest and to Search At 1:15am The 35th precinct had gotten reports from two different calls that gun shots were fired at residence 56 West Elmhurst. The nearest police cruisers responded to the radio dispatch. Three cruisers appeared on the scene and parked in front of the residence.

Inventory management Essay Example for Free

Inventory management Essay Part One: Inventory Management and its role within the Supply Chain Inventory management is a method through, which a business handles tangible resources and materials to ensure availability of resources for use. It is a collection of interdisciplinary processes including a full circle from the demand forecasting, supply chain management, inventory control and reverse logistics. Inventory management is the optimization of inventories of manufactured goods, work in progress, raw materials, and other features of companies in order to reduce storage costs while providing a high level of service and smooth operations. Inventory management in logistics is the optimization of operations directly related to the processing and registration of goods, and to the coordination with the procurement and sales service, it is the calculation of the optimal number of stores and their locations. Effective inventory management allows an organization to meet or exceed customers expectations. Several technical applications of inventory management models are incorporated by the inventory management so as to achieve efficiency. Critical role of the inventory management is therefore played by the concepts such as safety stock, cost of goods, economic ordering quantity, customer managed inventory, a vendor managed inventory, and the inventory turnover. The key principles of inventory management remain the same across all the industries; however, some critical areas of emphasizing these principles may vary from one sector of business to another. Inventory management in the supply chain is a complex of supply chain optimization techniques. This is a key element in the supply chain management. Experts emphasize companies’ attention on what constantly improving efficiency in the supply chain has become a market requirement and prerequisite for competitiveness. Global trends for the largest industrial and commercial companies integration lead to the formation of the global system with integrated supply chain, procurement, etc. That is why inventory management in the supply chain cannot be separated from the overall system, a single ‘logistics organism of the company. Information technology can help to integrate the management of inventory in the supply chain. The purpose of the usage of information technology to manage inventory in the supply chain is to increase the efficiency of all processes. (Supply chain management  consulting 2002) The important aspect of the inventory management lies on the correct application of the right inventory management tools. Understanding of all the details of inventory management leads to the effective control of inventory. When lean practices are applied to all aspects of the inventory management cycle, this means that business can effectively reduce the investment in shipping costs, plant rentals, reverse logistics, and standing inventory while improving or maintaining customer service levels in its overall performance. (Purchasing and Procurement Center, 2012). Therefore, inventory management is important and need to be effected at all levels of business operations to keep the inventory levels stable and to avoid costly errors and inconveniences (Winsner, 2011). Part Two: 1. It is often difficult to find reliable costs of stock. With shortages this seems almost impossible. Discuss how we can find cost of loss of good well or reduced future sales, and to what extent we can have reliable estimates for such costs. Often, it is difficult to find reliable cost of stock because market factors such as shortages come into place. The most important element, which must come into place pertaining to this situation, is intelligence pricing. Intelligent pricing is an element, which will ensure a successful business venture, and without this business will not find reliable costs of stock. Before launching a new business, it is always important for entrepreneurs to have adequate knowledge about the various pricing strategies and components available. Market place factors ought to be weighted by the business owners before prices of goods and services are set. Therefore, factors such as the market, competition and the distribution costs need to be put in place so as to arrive at reliable cost of stock. In any analysis of the inventory management system several factors should be considered: the demand forecast and delivery time, as well as the costs associated with the system operation. The cost parameters must be considered as well. Firstly, the costs of holding reserves, which include the cost of dead capital in stocks,  keeping costs and other costs associated with physical presence of goods in a warehouse. Secondly, order and reorder costs which includes the cost of placing an order, the cost of record-keeping, as well as the cost of set-closing operation if the output is considered in batches. Another important indicator are the costs due to lack of or inability to meet demand(shortage costs), the costs due to changing nature of the products, production costs , as well as losses due to obsolescence or damage. Lets consider shortage costs in details. These are the costs associated with the occurrence of shortage and can show up in those cases when the product is required, but cannot be supplied because it is out of stock. The impact of shortage is wider than lost profit, as it involves the loss of image, goodwill and potential losses from the reduction in the number of sales in the future. These costs may also include such payments for actions ,aimed at reducing the deficit, as freight forwarding, sending a rush order, payment for special types of products, the usage of more expensive suppliers. Most companies believe that shortage is always expensive, so they try avoid it. In other words, they are willing to pay relatively low costs for stock keeping in order to avoid relatively high costs associated with shortage. These costs represent a penalty to be paid by the owner of an enterprise in case when the demand exceeds the supply. It is very difficult to ensure that demand will always be satisfied and, in addition, it is likely for a firm that such guarantees can be joint with extremely high costs. The shortage can be offset by emergency delivery, in this case, penalty is the difference between ordinary value of product and the cost of emergency delivery. Sometimes shortage is offset by back-ordering, i.e. goods are delivered to the customer as soon as they come in stock. In this case, penalty is the loss of goodwill, this can affect customer’s behavior in the future. In extreme case this shortage can lead to the loss of customer, then the penalty will include not only lost sales cost, but also losses of many customers in the future. Identifying shortage costs is exceptionally difficult task, and it does not arise barely because the administration of an enterprise is not interested in reduction of these costs. Direct shortage cost figures were obtained only in a few cases, and only with limited accuracy. One of the most important  elements of the intangible assets of the company is its goodwill. At the same time it cannot be said that the formation of goodwill and maintaining it at a high level is something new and unique for today’s businesses. Goodwill represents the kind of good name of a company and is accounted in its intangible assets, along with copyrights, know-how and trademarks. Goodwill may be either positive or negative. The positive goodwill of a company may help: To add psychological value for products and services; To attract new customers in case they have a choice between functionally similar products or services; to bring a company more qualified employees and increase job satisfaction of an existing staff; To increase the effectiveness of advertising and sales, to support distributors, advertising agencies, suppliers and business partners; To raise funds on the stock market and survive in the event of a crisis. Any competitive producer knows that in order to gain the consumer recognition and profit, it is needed to invest primarily in itself. After all, a good name works better than any advertising. It is impossible to generate a goodwill from scratch. The company should enjoy really significant achievements and benefits which lay the foundation for goodwill. The process of generating a goodwill takes a long time and considerable amount of money. This is a long-run, very complicated process that cannot be insured against dangers, losses and risks. (Lean manufacturing and and operations management, 2012) One of the most important trends in recent years has been towards e-commerce. How does this affect inventory management? Electronic Commerce is a type of trading, which applies the use of modern technologies such as mobile commerce, supply chain management, electronic funds transfer, internet marketing, electronic data interchange, online transaction processing, and inventory management systems among others. (Practical Ecommerce, 2010). Through the application of computerized technology in inventory management, business organizations are able to have a complete inventory description in real-time basis. Investing in e-commerce technology allows business owners to have a strong inventory management backed, which includes bar codes that allow streamlining of the inventory processes. A streamlined process leads to accurate planning due to improved forecasting, product turnover leading  to increased profits and better customer services. E- Commerce inventory management system also means that the business owner can easily integrate with customers through various technologies such the internet and the smart phones. Through this, customers are able to access the available products and their prices and business owners will be able to place their products in the market with ease. Measuring of the inventory turns is also achieved by e-commerce with the use of the appropriate software and proper techniques. Therefore, more frequent inventory turns are achievable, and this boosts the profits. E-commerce is also applied in managing vendors, and maintaining good ties with vendors enables business owners to negotiate favorable terms and conditions for business. Elimination of obsolete inventory in a timely manner is achieved through e-commerce as the seller can easily identify such inventory through real-time observation of the market changes. Inventory items are also reduced through e-commerce since business owners are able to keep just enough items because they know their market capabilities in real-time without false anticipation. Therefore, the overall impact of e-commerce in inventory management is that accurate information is attainable and efficient, and effective operations can be achieved by business owners because the amount of warehousing space required is reduced and constructively used with minimal wastage associated with unpredictable approximations and anticipations (Coyle et al, 2008). Now it is quite obvious that the Internet is changing the image of the world economy. The Internet has the greatest impact on e-commerce between businesses (B2B). Companies form strategic alliances and build relationships with suppliers. The rate of development and growth of e-commerce, as well as promising prospects for increased supply chain efficiencies all these facts have a significant impact on the companies’ activities engaged in B2B commerce. Such businesses are forced to reduce operating and handling costs and at the same time to accelerate the supply chain activity. Those B2B companies that do business effectively have achieved a leading market positions in their industries. The supplying funds savings can be directed at the enhancement of IT infrastructure operations, and ultimately at the improvement of customer service B2B. The differences between e-commerce B2B and B2C are more significant than between the retail and wholesale trade. From a business perspective, this means savings within the organization, a willingness to enter into profitable alliances with suppliers, a reduction of operative costs in the delivery of goods and services, the precise regulation of the complex coordination within the union in respect of procurement, timely delivery and electronic payments. (Network solutions, 2012). Conclusion A company may command a hefty price on its product or service, but it is amazing how such companies may sometimes observe to be making minimal profit, making no profit or even running at a loss. This means that the cost of the product is different. Perhaps, to arrive at a reliable cost of stock means that business owners need to develop appropriate pricing strategy and to implement it so as it will result in generation of profits. Inventory management is a method through, which a business handles tangible resources and materials to ensure availability of resources for use. Efficient technology such as the application of e-commerce leads to effective inventory management. This is likely to lead to cost efficiency and effectiveness and therefore generate profitability. Main advantages of e-commerce for companies are: global scale, reduction of inventoty costs, supply chain development, fast time-to-market etc. For customers they are: large product variety, personalization, low prices, etc. The high emphasis should be placed on costs parameters when analyzing inventory management. The impact of shortage cost is wider than the lost profit, as it involves the loss of image, goodwill and potential losses from the reduction in the number of sales in the future. Identifying shortage costs is exceptionally difficult task, and it does not arise barely because the management of an enterprise is not interested in lowering these costs. Sometimes the shortage is offset by back-ordering. Shortage costs may lead to the loss of goodwill, this can affect the customer’s behavior in the future. Under present-day conditions, goodwill may change in the shortest possible time. A number of different factors can contribute to this, and therefore the organizations security policy should include measures to manage reputational risk. Is is evident that the goodwill in the current market environment is the most important competitive advantage for any company.

Light and Dark in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay -- Heart Dar

Light and Dark in Heart of Darkness  Ã‚      Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness is a tragic tale of the white man's journey into the African jungle. When we peel away the layers, however, a different journey is revealed - we venture into the soul of man, complete with the darkness of depravity as well as the wonderful. In this essence Conrad uses this theme of light and darkness to contrast the civilized European world with the savage African world in Heart of Darkness. As aforementioned, within Heart of Darkness, Conrad uses light and dark to symbolize good and evil, respectively. "It is whiteness that is truly sinister and evil, for it symbolizes the immoral scramble for loot by the unscrupulous and unfeeling Belgian traders in ivory and human flesh; the whiteness of ivory is also contrasted with the blackness of the natives whose lives must be destroyed for its sake" (Gillon 25). In other words there is a perversion of light and dark and what they represent.   The characteristic of ivory is its colour of white, but rather then being associated with purity and all that it is good, it re... ... of Darkness. Middlesex, England: Penguin Publishers, 1983. Gillon, Adam. (1982). Joseph Conrad. Twayne's English Author Series: Number 333. Kinley E. Roby, ed. Boston: Twayne. "Joseph Conrad." The Encarta 1998 Encyclopedia Online. Microsoft, 1998. Kunitz, Stanley J. "Joseph Conrad." Twentieth Century Authors: Vol. T. New York: H.W. Wilson Company, 1942. 307-9 Stape, J.H.. The Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Taylor, Derek. Conrad's Heart of Darkness. The Explicator. No.4 Summer 1998: 195-8.

Profit Maximization and Baumol Model

Managerial Economics August 15, 2007 The key points underpinning the economics of a profit maximizing firm Neoclassical model of the firm states that organization will have the main objective of maximizing its profit within a given period of time. Maximum profit was achieved at the output at which marginal cost is equal marginal revenue. There are several factors which need to be considered when talking about the profit maximizing firm: 1. The assumption of the profit maximizing firm is that there is no segregation between managers and owners of the firm. Owners economically depended on their firms and therefore tried to make the biggest profit from their businesses. The effectiveness of their firm was measured by the profit declared. In the real world the ownership of the firm (especially for the larger firms) is different from the management. Managers become responsible for all day-to-day operations as well as finance objectives. Those can be different for management and for the owners. Managers tend to satisfy their own well being rather then acting on the best interests of the owners. Shareholders would like to see the increasing value of the stock from year to year. The separation of ownership from control lead to less power of shareholders over the manager’s behavior as well as less awareness of how efficient the decisions are made. 2. Profit maximizing firm assumes the horizontal marginal revenue curve and U shape marginal cost curve. This means that the market conditions are always ideal, not very competitive and the revenue cost declines as a result of discounts made to encourage the customers to purchase the products. In reality it is difficult to accurately measure the cost and revenue within organization and therefore difficult to determine the optimal, profit maximizing level. There are a lot of constraints and conditions which need to be evaluated at any given period of time to determine the cost and revenue curves. Rapidly changing conditions will make it difficult and sometimes impossible to make the accurate measurements. 3. Another assumption is that the organization short-term objectives are the same as its long term objectives leading to profit maximization. In reality, as in long term objective may be to maximize the firm stock value and increase the shareholders profit, the short term objective may be to keep investing in a firm to establish a better position for the future. Other constraints like social responsibility of the firm, imperfect or changing market conditions, demand versus supply curves etc. will affect the objectives of the firm. 4. One of the assumptions of the neoclassical model is that the organizations have a perfect knowledge of the operating conditions. It is recognized in the modern firm that they operate under the uncertainty level, which, however can be reduced by increasing the knowledge for market, competition and environment. With these factors the conclusion is that the profit maximization cannot be the sole objective of a firm. The factors need to be taken into consideration to determine the optimum firm strategy and firm objectives. Critical evaluation of Baumol management model. Baumol model is a sales revenue maximization model. Baumol model is the alternative to the profit maximization model. The main idea of Baumol model is that the objective of a firm is the sales revenue-maximization rather then profit maximization. The most important points supporting Baumol model are: – The is recognition of separation between firm ownership and management. Managers have discretion to pursue personal goals to maximize their own utility. Therefore a minimum profit constraint on management is set up by shareholders to address shareholders concerns and interests. – Manager’s more focuses on their own tangible benefits rather then on profit maximization for the company. Salary increases are likely related to the level of sales rather then organization level of profit. – Investors interest in the level of sales and trend of sales rather then level of profit. Growing sales tend to give better picture of company potential and therefore attract refinancing. – Rising level of sales recognizes organization’s success and therefore leads to good human relations within the organization. – Direct relation between market share and the level of sales means that the organization is raising its position on the market if its sales level increases. In other words the market share of the firm goes up. In Baumol model there is an assumption is that the organization using the Baumol model is operating in an oligopolistic market with no true competition. Baumol thinks that it will take longer for the large organizations, which most likely to be competitors, to arrive to the decision making and decision implementation point due to the competition within the oligopolistic market. However it is also said that within the market there is collision between organizations just to maintain an agreed position where everyone can have their share of the market. This is certainly an assumption which cannot be applied to every kind of markets. There are two models of sales revenue-maximization which both work under above assumption: the static model and the dynamic model. Static model is a single period model for organization assuming that no competition with other companies exist. In static model a minimum profit constraint is imposed by shareholders regardless of the sales and other conditions of the organization to protect their interests. The excess of maximum profit level over the minimum profit level constraint is the measure of managerial discretion. There is also an assumption of the U-shaped cost and ? -shape for revenue curves. By looking at the Baumol’s static sales revenue-maximization model chart we can see that the quantity produced by the sales revenue maximizer will be the quantity which satisfies the minimum profit constraint and yet allows the greatest level of sales (quantity) to be achieved. The sales revenue maximizer will earn a lower profit, but produce a greater quantity then the profit maximizer. Therefore the sales revenue maximizer will better capture the market share then the profit maimiser. However in the static model Baumol does not analyze the relationship between price, advertising, total cost and quantity of the produced output. When talking about advertising cost Baumol suggests that the advertising expenditures are constantly grow as a straight line and that the sales revenue increases as increases the advertisement cost. In the real world advertisements are made from time to time depending on the organization’s marketing studies. Sales revenue also depends on many factors like market conditions, managerial talent and knowledge, firm pricing strategy, quantity produced, total operating cost etc. In Baumol model we see no attempts to take these factors into consideration. In its dynamic model where the idea is that over the lifetime organization will continue to gain the sales revenue and reinvest the profit into the future organization growth. At a certain point of growth, however, the growth potential will decrease and the level of sales will go down. Even though Baumol raised a point of uncertainty, he failed to place the time within his model and therefore limited the options of explaining the firm behavior. Baumol model shows that the sales revenue maximizer will produce more output then the profit maximizer. The profit level is also more stable in the Baumol model then in traditional profit-maximizing model. The sales maximizing firm will also have a lower price then the profit maximizing firm. Low cost airline example. Let’s take an example of the low-cost airline to outline the points of Baumol model. At a glance it may seem that a logical step to maximize the airline profit in order to reinvest more money into the new flights and expand the company. But it may not be profitable for an airline in a long run as the customers may loose the loyalty to an â€Å"always low price† airline because of their quality of service or inconveniencies caused during travel. Actions like flying from the lower cost airports away from the major hubs; reducing the number of flight attendants per flight; introducing a cheaper meals or no meals at all, offering meals at a separate price; cut on entertainments on board; overbooking of the flights to make sure the flight is always full; buy cheaper older aircrafts, improve maintenance procedures to reduce the cost would lead to short term profit maximization. On a long run the airline may start loosing customers due to the poor services and inconvenience caused. For example, flying from a low cost airport may result in additional cost for the passengers trying to reach that airport or having a connecting flights from other airports. Significant number of luggage lost would also lead to loosing the customers. Overbooking the flights may cause many passengers not being able to fly at the desired time and therefore loose the loyalty for the airline. Cutting cost on airline maintenance may jeopardize safety procedures and result in catastrophe. American Airlines Flight 191, a McDonnell-Douglas DC-10 aircraft crashed on May 25,1979 after taking off from Chicago airport. Investigation showed that it was a result of an improved maintenance procedure imposed by American Airline and saving then over $200 000 a year. For a low cost airline it is vital to fulfill the flight capacity and sell as much tickets as possible because the flights the cost of flying would remain the same whether the plain is flying full or not. This means that the main objective of the low-cost airline is to maximize their level of tickets sold. The actions like: – reducing inefficiency across the board of the airline, putting innovative and creative business concepts, promoting the teamwork, empowering the employees to encourage their personal involvement in day-to-day customer service improvement – monitoring the airline market, dynamically determined ticket price per seat, studying customers needs – introducing new routs to popular destinations, organizing convenient connecting flights – have faster connectivity time, faster turnarounds point-to-point flights rather then flying through major hubs, using less congested airports – internet booking, e-tickets – no pre-assigned seat numbers etc. maybe more appropriate for helping to have a low cost operation yet with the high quality standards. The price of the ticket should be determined dynamically (hopefully by specialized software) based on customers demand and supply on a particular route at a particular time. Ideally the ticket price should be the highest with maximum filling of flight capacity. For example, early booking price may be lower and raised towards filling the flight capacity. Therefore sales maximizing model fits better for the low cost airlines and gives them more chances to succeed in the market. References: Mark Cook, Corri Farguharson (1998) â€Å"Business Economics†, Pearson Education Limited Patrick McNutt (2007) â€Å"Study Guide Unit 1. Management Objectives and Stakeholder Value†, Business & Management Education Limited, UK

The Courtesans of Bollywood

The media – whether in print, television, or the cinema – has portrayed women in all sorts of images. These images reflect how a certain society perceive women and what roles do they portray in reality. Women in Indian cinema have been variously depicted with different images which represent the division within the Indian society. Just like in any parts of the world, the classification between men and women has been distinct throughout history. Even in modern time, such classifications which further divide both sexes still exist in media because of the stereotypes that have been established.The Indian film industry, famously called as Bollywood, has effectively created films which encompassed the different faces of women in their nation. There are films that attributed them with Hindu goddesses and as well as portraying them as traditional and modern women from all division of the caste. The films that are made depicting women reflected India’s thoughts and behav ior towards sexuality and social norms. The media – despite of its tendency for exaggeration and sensationalism – draws its inspiration from real life’s circumstances, no matter how fictitious the story becomes.No matter how the characters of women are formed, their roles in the film say a lot about the current social perception of Indian Women. Two notable films in Bollywood will be the central discussion of this essay. Pakeezah (1972) and Devdas (2002) became well-known for the romantic plots amidst the struggles within social taboos combined with cinematic intensity and songs aptly made for the film. From these films, the heroines that will be given concentration belong to that level of society which is usually judged derogatively.Sahibjaan of Pakeezah and Chandramukhi from Devdas share the same profession of courtesans, and played major roles in the films showing how Indian courtesans are being personified. The discussion for the two female protagonists will revolve around their being courtesans and they symbolized India’s perception and direction of their views regarding sexuality and how their norms and social evolvement are shaped by these views. Courtesans, as seen from the films, cater to the public eye, predominantly of male audience. Their profession has been criticized by society as immoral and these women are usually isolated from the realm of an ideal woman.By exploring the two films, it will be argued how the views of courtesans are still relevant in the modern Indian society. To be able to convey the contents of the arguments for the established thesis statement, a brief background or summary of each movie will be provided. This is for the intent of giving a foundation or an origin where the standpoints will be derived. Second, there will be an attempt to categorize Indian courtesans which is distinct from courtesans of other countries. This will be connected to how the character of a courtesan became an embodiment o f India’s assumption towards sexuality.From this, Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi from the films will be subjected to analysis, comparing the differences of their roles as courtesans on the films. The essay will be concluded by gathering all the insights that have been discussed and as well as its implications on Indian society. The plot of both films is set in the conservative India where traditional elements are highly emphasized. One of the two films has been derived from a 1917 novella called Devdas. This film has many versions in different languages and the one directed by Sanjay Bhansali in 2002, is the latest and the first full colored version of the film.Devdas can be said as a classic love triangle story with the lives of the main characters closely intertwined with each other. The male protagonist Devdas came back from London to reconcile with his long-time childhood beloved Paro. The two has been arranged for marriage however, when the Paro’s maternal ancestry as dancers is revealed, her humiliated mother decided to arrange a marriage for Paro to another man. From that aspect the tragedy of the heart-broken Devdas ensues, as his college friend introduced him to the world of alcohol and carnal desires.The brothel where his friend brought him became his emotional solace or more of an emotional escapism. As Devdas began to indulge in alcoholism, he met the most famous courtesan named Chandramukhi. Her beauty and exquisite charm which made Chandramukhi as a renowned courtesan became an irresistible pull for Devdas to become close to her. On the other hand, his vulnerabilities as a man shown by his weakened state by the alcohol and the discovery of his supposed love story became the reason why Chandramukhi fell in love with him.The story takes its turn with Devdas being devoured by his alcoholic addiction and Chandramukhi’s love for him brought her to Paro to convince him to stop his self-destruction and subsequently formed a friendship w ith her. Though he did not listen, Devdas promised to see her before his death. Eventually, he confessed his love for Chandramukhi however shortly after that; he expressed his goodbye to her because of his intent to move out of the country. On his journey and with the last drink of wine, he became extremely sick. Feeling himself on the verge of death, he went to fulfill his promise to Paro to see her.Paro ran to meet him but her husband prohibited her and as Devdas dies in front of their gates, his last image is Paro trying to reach for him and screaming his name. It is a clear tragic story for the three characters as all of them are not able to achieve the happiness they wanted out of love. The dynamism of the story is presented by the diverse social upbringing of the characters. Devdas is born from the upper landowning class, while Paro came from an ordinary family whose lineage is from dancers, and Chandramukhi being a courtesan is judged by the society as immoral.The three main characters attempted to go beyond their social status as the purpose of love became their main source of strength to defy the social norms. The second film which similarly tackled defying social classifications in the name of love is, Pakeezah. Released in 1972, this film took 14 years to be completed due to personal issues between the main cast and the director. An original work of Kamal Amrohi, Pakeezah is a classic Indian courtesan movie. This film is a story about a woman who dreams of escaping a world where she felt worthless and soulless.Sahibjaan shared the same fate that her mother did, a profession which eventually led to the rejection of her father’s family. After her mother’s death, her aunt Nawabjaan adopted her and brought Sahibjaan to her brothel where she practiced dancing and singing. She became famous as a courtesan when she grew up, however, her aunt felt the need to get Sahibjaan out of the brothel when her father came searching for her. On the train ride out of the city Sahibjaan found a note that has been slipped between her toes where a stranger wrote about the beauty of her feet and not to soil it.This note became her hope to find rescue from the environment she desperately wants to escape. It also became her only evidence that this particular stranger is the only one who can love her truly and the note is her first real communication with someone who has a pure intention towards her. She was able to meet the stranger who is a forest ranger named Salim, and because of her fear that he might reject her, Sahibjaan kept her true identity. Salim brought her to his family however as men recognized Sahibjaan as the courtesan, Salim’s family disapproved.Despite of Sahibjaan’s confession about her work, Salim’s feelings did not change and both of them ran away together. He eventually decided to marry her, renaming Sahibjaan as Pakeezah meaning ‘the pure one. ’ However, her shame and fear as being a courtesan dominated her, and not wanting to ruin Salim’s reputation Sahibjaan fled from him and called off the marriage. Her decision has left Salim hurting and as a way of retaliation and coping with the pain, Salim decided to marry another woman and invited Sahibjaan for his wedding. In this part of the film, she danced on broken glasses practically symbolizing the pain that both of them share.A revelation has been made when Salim’s uncle, Shahabuddin, learns that Sahibjaan is his long-lost daughter and it resulted to a happy-ending for Sahibjaan, knowing that her father will save her from the world she wanted to get away from, and as well as a possibility for her love for Salim to be reconsidered. Just like the film Devdas, Pakeezah tells about a romantic story of a courtesan with a heart. Someone like Sahibjaan does not desire to be a courtesan forever and wanted to become a real woman by meeting her future husband and be a wife.There is also the familiar pattern of the characters disregarding their social status to be able to experience a relationship with one another. It leaves the impression of Indian movies such as these that the division of the caste system in reality is strictly followed. Pakeezah and Devdas are two classic Bollywood films which portrays the kind of women often degraded by the society. These films presented the courtesans with such humanity which goes beyond their profession of enticing and engaging their audience towards them.Courtesans can be said to have prominently existed way before the times of the monarchy. Indian courtesans are said to be â€Å"sexually liberated and educated women who dance in the temples and at public ceremonies and the only women who are allowed to learn to read, sing, and dance† (Feldman & Gordon, 2006, p. 161). Just like other courtesans in general, they are meant to entertain and offer their company to men. Their difference from prostitutes is that sexual intercourse is just one of their services. They engage in discussions, in festivals, and in the arts. Simone de Beauvoir further differentiates the two:Prostitutes need two kinds of men, client and protector. In her environment man is superior to woman, and this setting apart favors a kind of love-religion which explains the abnegation of certain prostitutes. For the courtesans, beauty and charm or sex appeal are necessary but not enough, she must be recognize as a person. Her pride, her independence, and her money mean that she will never be ‘taken’ – no man will be her absoluter master. † (cited in Kazmi, 1994, p. 237) From the two films, as courtesans their bodies became the attraction to be able to play the part.The dances and mujras by Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi are utilized to emphasize their body part and allure to entice men. As in Indian cinema, women are placed in the cast for the purpose of having something ‘pleasurable in the eyes’ on the screen. â€Å"In t heir traditional exhibitionist role, women are simultaneously looked at and displayed with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to-be-looked-at-ness† (Kazmi , 1994, p. 234). Since their roles are courtesans, they are always under the scrutiny of their male clients.Their publicized sexuality makes them a property of the society. However, from the films, it can be seen that the courtesans fell in love with the male protagonists both coming from noble families. This love makes them as the hero’s property, thus, losing their â€Å"generalized sexuality and showgirl connotations† and their erotic charms are for the male protagonists alone (Kazmi, 1994, p. 234). That sense of property has not been made official since Sahibjaan and Chandramukhi are not seen married under traditional ceremonies.This gives the impression that India may not view courtesans as an ideal wife, no matter how the circumstances of falling in love may occur. In Devdas, Chandramukhi is seen as a feisty woman who holds her dignity as a courtesan. Despite of the numerous males gawking at her performance and by the harsh judgments which society throws at her, she never did want to become someone else or want anything other than Devdas. She has a strong image of a courtesan portrayed in the film. Chandramukhi can be classified as the classic courtesan who has lived by her destiny to please the public, though she is condemned by it.By the time that she became too attached with Devdas, her duty of pleasing many people has been devoted to please Devdas so he could ease his sufferings. Chandramukhi’s sacrifice of letting Devdas go symbolized her gratitude for him the moment he confessed that he loves her as well. Because that love is rarely given to a courtesan like her and the fact Devdas see her as a normal woman worthy of it, she devoted her life taking care of him and letting go of him in the end even if it entails her happiness (Nair, 2002, p. 86). On the other hand, Sahibjaan is portrayed as a courtesan struggling for an escape from the world she grew up with.Unlike Chandramukhi, Sahibjaan is a courtesan who wished to change her life and get out of her profession. However, the history of her mother’s life haunts her, encapsulating her in fear that she might never achieve the normal life that she wanted. A courtesan who pleases out of duty, the film focused on making her worthy of marriage. The scene where Salim renamed her as Pakeezah provided her the status that she is still worthy of being a wife despite of being a courtesan. She can be said as someone who subsequently gives in to the cruel prejudices of society.By refusing Salim’s offer of marriage, Sahibjaan continues to be a possession of the public, denying herself the happiness that she wanted to be rescued by the one man she loves. Nonetheless, both women have exuded strength when it comes to making choices. Though the y have been portrayed as weak for love and for rescue, they have made decisions which in their knowledge can deprive them of the happiness that they want. In society, since courtesans are made to please the world, sacrificing their own personal interests is a part of their duty.Thus, their role as a public commodity strips them off the right to be part of the private sphere, which includes the family. The courtesans of Indian cinema maybe considered as the origin of independent women in Indian society. A courtesan is said to have â€Å"the courage to confront society, established morality, and the powers that be† (Kazmi, 1994, p. 231). That the courtesans in these films are the early embodiments of empowering women’s sexuality when it comes to breaking social norms, since in the conservative Indian nation courtesans or good women alike, are considered marginalized.Courtesans can be viewed as the mortal goddesses of the Indian society who can personify evil and goodness in how sexuality is perceived. References Feldman, M. , & Gordon, B. (2006). The Courtesan’s Art. New York: Oxford University Press. Kazmi, F. (1994). Muslim Socials and the Female Protagonist: Seeing a Dominant Discourse at Work. In Forging Identities: Gender, Communities, and the State, (pp. 226-243). Zoya, H. (Ed. ). New Delhi: Kali for Women. Nair, P. K. (2002). â€Å"The Devdas Syndrome in Indian Cinema. † Cinemaya 56/57, Autumn/Winter : 827.

Perlocutionary Acts Definition and Examples

Perlocutionary Acts Definition and Examples In speech-act theory, a perlocutionary act is an action or state of mind brought about by, or as a consequence of, saying something. It is also known as  a perlocutionary effect. The distinction between the illocutionary act and the  perlocutionary act is  important, says Ruth M. Kempson: The  perlocutionary act is  the consequent effect on the hearer which the speaker intends should follow from his utterance. Kempson offers this summary of the three interrelated speech acts originally presented by John L. Austin in How to Do Things With Words published in 1962: A speaker utters sentences with a particular meaning (locutionary act), and with a particular force (illocutionary act), in order to achieve a certain effect on the hearer (perlocutionary act). Examples and Observations A. P. Martinich, in his book, Communication and Reference, defines a perlocutionary act as follows: Intuitively, a perlocutionary act is an act performed by saying something, and not in saying something. Persuading, angering, inciting, comforting and inspiring are often perlocutionary acts; but they would never begin an answer to the question What did he say? Perlocutionary acts, in contrast with locutionary and illocutionary acts, which are governed by conventions, are not conventional but natural acts (Austin [1955], p. 121). Persuading, angering, inciting, etc. cause physiological changes in the audience, either in their states or behavior; conventional acts do not. An Example of a Perlocutionary Effect Nicholas Allott gives this view of a perlocutionary act in his book, Key Terms in Pragmatics: Consider a negotiation with a hostage-taker under siege. The police negotiator says: If you release the children, well allow the press to publish your demands. In making that utterance she has offered a deal (illocutionary act).  Suppose the  hostage-taker accepts the deal  and as a consequence releases the children. In that case, we can say that by making the utterance, the negotiator brought about the release of the children, or in more technical terms, that this was a perlocutionary effect of the utterance. Shouting Fire In her book, Speaking Back: The Free Speech Versus Hate Speech Debate, Katharine Gelber explains the effect of shouting fire in a crowded venue: In the perlocutionary instance, an act is performed by saying something. For example, if someone shouts fire and by that act causes people to exit a building which they believe to be on fire, they have performed the perlocutionary act of convincing other people to exit the building....In another example, if a jury foreperson declares guilty in a courtroom in which an accused person sits, the illocutionary act of declaring a person guilty of a crime has been undertaken. The perlocutionary act related to that illocution is that, in reasonable circumstances, the accused person would be convinced that they were to be led from the courtroom into a jail cell. Perlocutionary acts are acts intrinsically related to the illocutionary act which precedes them, but discrete and able to be differentiated from the illocutionary act. The Accordion Effect Marina Sbis, in an essay titled, Locution, Illocution, Perlocution, notes why perlocution can have a surprising effect: Perlocution has no upper border: any consequential effect of a speech act may be considered as perlocutionary. If breaking news surprises you so that you trip and fall, my announcement has not only been believed true by you (which is already a perlocutionary effect) and thus surprised you, but has also made you trip. fall, and (say) injure your ankle. This aspect of the so-called accordion effect concerning actions and speech actions in particular (see Austin 1975: 110-115; Feinberg 1964) meets general consent, apart from those speech-act theorists who prefer to limit the notion of perlocutionary effect to intended perlocutionary effects.... Sources Allott, Nicholas. Key Terms in Pragmatics. Continuum, 2011.Gelber, Katharine. Speaking Back: The Free Speech Versus Hate Speech Debate. John Benjamins, 2002.Martinich, A. P.  Communication and Reference. Walter de Gruyter, 1984.Sbis, Marina. Locution, Illocution, Perlocution in Pragmatics of Speech Actions, ed. by  Marina Sbis and Ken Turner. Walter de Gruyter, 2013.