Capital City of Tenochtitlan

Capital City of Tenochtitlan Tenochtitln, situated in the core of what is presently Mexico City, was the biggest city and capital of the Aztec Empire. Today, Mexico City is as yet perhaps the biggest city on the planet, regardless of its uncommon setting. It sits on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco in the Basin of Mexico, an unusual spot for anyâ capital, antiquated or modern. Mexico City is ringed by volcanic mountains, including the still-dynamic fountain of liquid magma Popocatã ©petl, and inclined to seismic tremors, extreme flooding, and a portion of the most exceedingly awful exhaust cloud on the planet. The narrative of how the Aztecs chose the area of their capital in such a hopeless spot is one section legend and another part history.â In spite of the fact that the conquistador Hernn Cortã ©s put forth a valiant effort to disassemble the city, three sixteenth century maps of Tenochtitlan endure giving us what the city resembled. The most punctual guide is the Nuremberg or Cortes guide of 1524, drawn for the conquistador Cortã ©s, perhaps by a neighborhood inhabitant. The Uppsala Map was drawn around 1550 by an indigenous individual or people; and the Maguey Plan was made around 1558, despite the fact that researchers are separated about whether the city portrayed is Tenochtitlan or another Aztec city. The Uppsala Map is marked by cosmographer Alonso de Santa Cruz [~1500-1567] who introduced the guide (with the city spelled as Tenuxititan) to his boss, the Spanish Emperor Carlos V, however researchers don't accept he made the guide himself, and it might have been by his understudies at the Colegio de Santa Cruz at Tenochtitlans sister city Tlatelolco. Legends and Omens Tenochtitln was the home of the settler Mexica, which is only one of the names for the Aztec individuals who established the city in AD 1325. As per legend, the Mexica were one of seven Chichimeca clans who came to Tenochtitlan from their famous city of source, Aztlan (Place of the Herons). They came due to a sign: the Chichimec god Huitzilopochtli, who appeared as a falcon, was seen roosted on a desert flora eating a snake. The pioneers of the Mexica deciphered this as a sign to move their populace to an upsetting, grimy, cart, island in a lake; and in the end their military ability and political capacities transformed that island into the focal organization for triumph, the Mexica snake gulping the greater part of Mesoamerica. Aztec Culture and Conquest Tenochtitlan of the fourteenth and fifteenth hundreds of years A.D. was perfectly fit as a spot for the Aztec culture to start theâ conquest of Mesoamerica. That being said, the bowl of Mexico was thickly involved, and the island city managed the Mexica an ordering lead over exchange the bowl. Furthermore, they occupied with a progression of coalitions both with and against their neighbors; the best was the Triple Alliance, who as the Aztec Empire overran significant segments of what are currently the conditions of Oaxaca, Morelos, Veracruz, and Puebla. When of the Spanish triumph in 1519, Tenochtitln contained around 200,000 individuals and secured a territory of twelve square kilometers (five square miles). The city was confused by channels, and the edges of the island city were secured with chinampas, coasting gardens that empowered nearby creation of food. A colossal commercial center served almost 60,000 individuals day by day, and in the Sacred Precinct of the city were castles and sanctuaries the like of which Hernn Cortã ©s had never observed. Cortã ©s was awed, yet it didnt prevent him from wrecking practically the entirety of the citys structures during his success. A Lavish City A few letters from Cortã ©s to his ruler Charles V portrayed the city as an island city in the focal point of a lake. Tenochtitlan was spread out in concentric circles, with a focal square filling in as the custom region and the core of the Aztec realm. The structures and asphalts of the city all scarcely transcended the degree of the lakes and were gathered into bunches by waterways and associated by spans. A thickly forested territory the forerunner to Chapultepec park-was a significant element of the island, as was water control. Seventeen significant floods have struck the city since 1519, one enduring a shocking five years. During Aztec times, a progression of reservoir conduits drove from the encompassing lakes into the city, and numerousâ causeways associated Tenochtitlan to the next significant city-states in the bowl. Motecuhzoma II (additionally known as Montezuma) was the last ruler at Tenochtitlan, and his rich principle patio secured a zone estimating 200x200 meters (about 650x650 feet). The castle incorporated a set-up of rooms and an open patio; around the fundamental royal residence complex could be discovered arsenals and sweat showers, kitchens, visitor rooms, music rooms, plant gardens, and game jam. The remainders of a portion of these are found in Chapultepec Park in Mexico City, albeit the greater part of the structures are from later occasions. Leftovers of the Aztec Culture Tenochtitlan tumbled to Cortes, yet simply after the severe and wicked attack of 1520, when the Mexica slaughtered many conquistadors. Just pieces of Tenochtitlan are surviving in the city of Mexico; you can get into the vestiges of the Templo Mayor, unearthed starting during the 1970s by Matos Moctezuma; and there are plentiful antiques at the National Museum of Anthropology (INAH). In any case, on the off chance that you look sufficiently hard, numerous other noticeable parts of the old Aztec capital are still set up. Road names and spot names reverberation the old Nahua city. The Plaza del Volador, for instance, was a significant area for the Aztec function of the new fire. After 1519, it was changed first into a spot for the Actos de Fe of the Inquisition, at that point into a field for bull-battling, at that point a market, lastly into the current site of the Supreme Court. Sources A㠱ã ³n V. 2012. â€Å"En el lugar de las fishes empedernidas†: Tenochtitlan en las crã ³nicas mestizas. Anales de Literatura Hispanoamericana 41:81-97.Berdan FF. 2014. Aztec Archeology and Ethnohistory. New York: Cambridge University Press.Hill Boone E. 2011. This new world currently uncovered: Hernn Cortã ©s and the introduction of Mexico to Europe. Word Image 27(1):31-46.Là ³pez JF. 2013. The hydrographic city: Mapping Mexico Citys urban structure comparable to its amphibian condition, 1521-1700. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Mundy BE. 2014. Spot Names in Mexico-Tenochtitlan. Ethnohistory 61(2):329-355.Pennock CD. 2011. ‘A Remarkably Patterned Life’: Domestic and Public in the Aztec Household City. Sex History 23(3):528-546.Terraciano K. 2010. Three Texts in One: Book XII of the Florentine Codex. Ethnohistory 57(1):51-72.

Long

Chapter by chapter guide Long-Term Care Insurance Medicare Medicaid Continuing Care Retirement Community (CCRC) References Long-Term Care Insurance Coverage differs broadly relying upon the supplier and the necessities of the client. What's more, various states have distinctive home consideration and helped living offices and these differ the expense of the drawn out consideration insurance.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Long-Term Care Insurance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More These incorporate home consideration, living help, and childcare for grown-ups. The drawn out protection bundles likewise contain tax breaks to such an extent that the recipient doesn't have to pay charge on the installments got (Health and Human Services Paying For Long-Term Care, 2010). Recipients get money related inclusion of long haul care. The drawn out consideration protection permits one to utilize their investment funds and life coverage for different purpos es. Under the government program individuals profit by a gathering rate lower than singular installment rates. To meet all requirements for long haul protection, the buyer ought not have a previous ailment. Anybody over 18 years may buy long haul protection. Restriction may come in on the grounds that acquisition of long haul protection from non-qualified organizations risks ones advantages. Besides, month to month premiums are costly (All About Long Term Care, 2010). Medicare is a type of protection. It exists in three structures to be specific Medicare as clinic protection, Medicare as clinical protection and Medicare as doctor prescribed medication inclusion. Furthermore, there are clinical bit of leeway plans gave by privately owned businesses. They include at least one of different classes of Medicare. Medicare covers hospitalization bills, doctors’ expenses and medication costs relying upon the sort of Medicare. Capability for Medicare is just accessible to individuals over the age of 65. Individuals with specific incapacities and falling beneath the age additionally qualify. The recipient needs to pay routinely for the program. Medicare constraint is that the money related remuneration under Medicare might be inadequate to take care of all drawn out costs (Who pays for long haul Care?, 2010).Advertising Looking for exposition on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Medicaid With Medicaid, the recipient gets long haul home consideration inside their locale or in a nursing home. With Medicaid, the recipient doesn't need to leave their home, rather they can request care arrangements at home. Individuals must gain low wages and have restricted assets to get to Medicaid. Impediments for Medicaid are that the recipient can just access the administration structure an authorized office for Medicaid. In addition, the office must have a limit with respect to thinking about t he patient (Center for Medicare Medicaid Services, 2010). Proceeding with Care Retirement Community (CCRC) Long-term costs are taken consideration by month to month expenses and passage charges. Moreover, there is a unified consideration inside networks for all recipients. Individuals get nursing administrations, medicinal services administrations and social administrations. All individuals approach helped offices and may live alone or in shared lofts. The prerequisites for CCRC incorporate an arrangement that the recipient must have the option to buy the regularly scheduled installments for care. There is additionally a section charge that is payable toward the start of the agreement time frame. On installment of additional charges, recipients likewise get care in helped offices. In any case, this arrangement just exists in some CCRC programs. Else, one consequently profits by a lifetime contract in the wake of paying typical charges (Health and Human Services Paying For Long-Term Care, 2010). Confinements for CCRC are that proceeding with care has a high price tag. The program additionally has a section expense that may be non-refundable. Arrangements shift with the kind of CCRC with some having no arrangement for other long haul care costs. Subsequently, the recipient needs to pay for additional consideration. The recipient needs to move to a helped office or nursing home (Health and Human Services Paying For Long-Term Care, 2010). References All About Long Term Care. (2010). Web.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Long-Term Care Insurance explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Center for Medicare Medicaid Services. (2010). Web. Wellbeing and Human Services Paying For Long-Term Care. (2010). Web. Who Pays for Long-term Care? (2010). Web. This paper on Long-Term Care Insurance was composed and put together by client Arthur Figueroa to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

9 Signs Youre Having an Emotional Affair

9 Signs Youre Having an Emotional Affair Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems Print 9 Signs Youre Having an Emotional Affair By Marni Feuerman Marni Feuerman is a psychotherapist in private practice who has been helping couples with marital issues for more than 27 years. Learn about our editorial policy Marni Feuerman Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Carly Snyder, MD on January 29, 2020 facebook twitter linkedin Carly Snyder, MD is a reproductive and perinatal psychiatrist who combines traditional psychiatry with integrative medicine-based treatments.   Learn about our Medical Review Board Carly Snyder, MD on January 29, 2020 Biddiboo-Taxi/Getty More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse It seems that emotional affairs are on the upswing.  We spend a lot of time with others outside our home, at work, the gym, or engaging in hobbies.  We also easily connect with others on social media. Some platonic relationships can slowly morph into deep emotional friendships. When this person is attractive to you or sexual chemistry exists, you face a slippery slope pulling you away from your marriage. Emotional Affairs Emotional affairs can wreak havoc on your marriage as well as your family. You only have a certain amount of “emotional energy.”??  When you are not focusing this energy on your spouse, where might it be going? Most emotional affairs and physical affairs start as benign friendships.  There usually is no intention for these bonds to become anything more. Regardless, the line is thin between close friendships and emotional affairs. Furthermore, emotional affairs can also quickly lead to flirtation and sexual encounters. The Dangers of Emotional Affairs Signs You Are in an Emotional Affair If you are not quite sure if you are having an emotional affair, here are nine signs that indicate you probably are: Frequent contact when you are not together. You frequently communicate with this person and at questionable hours. You devote a lot of time texting, emailing, or video calling this person.??You discuss very personal topics, such as the problems in your current relationship.  You share all or most of your problems and concerns with this person. As you do this, you also grow more discontent with your spouse.This person takes over your thoughts.   You think about him or her constantly. This person is on your mind when you wake up in the morning, when you go to sleep at night, and a lot of time in between.  You have this person in mind when you are getting dressed, hoping he or she will notice your appearance.  You spend a lot of time together.  You find excuses or create reasons to spend time with him or her.??He or she becomes the first person you want to call with any “news.”  You have some exciting news to share or you have  had a bad day and this is the person whom you call. You may not be sharing much at all with your spouse anymore.You believe this person really “gets” you.  You start to feel like he or she really understands you, even better than your spouse.  You start to lie or keep secrets.  This usually entails lying by omission. If you purposely do not tell your spouse about your talks, meetings, lunches, texts and phone calls, alarm bells should be ringing!?? Are you deleting messages from your phone  or do you deny the communication you have with him/her when asked? If you are hiding things or lying  when you know deep down that the behavior is not okay. Would you be mortified if your spouse heard a taped conversation between you two?You frequently compare your spouse to him or her.  You may get angry with your spouse for not doing things like the other person does. You start to idealize this person while your partner begins to look worse in your eyes. You may find yourself being more critical of your spouse. This is sure to create a good guy /bad guy dynamic between these two people.Your spouse gets less of you while your special person gets more. Whether it is less communication, affection, your thoughts, or your innermost world, your time and focus are taken from your partner and transferred to this other person. Impact of Emotional Affairs These types of affairs can seem like a vacation from your everyday life. You only get the best of this other person and they see the best of you. You do not see them “24/7” and learn about their bad habits and unattractive features.  Your image of them is mostly based on fantasy and an idealized persona, which will certainly make this relationship very alluring. If you think are having an emotional affair, it may be time to seriously evaluate the state of your marriage. Even when such affairs do not cross the line by becoming physical, the impact can be just as damaging and puts your marriage in the danger zone.?? The intimacy involved in emotional affairs can frequently have a degree of intensity deeper than a sexual affair because you are more emotionally invested.

Down Syndrome Concerns Essay - 915 Words

Down syndrome Concerns It has been stated time and time again that Ms. Gens is a woman of 40. Research has been performed that shows that older mothers are more likely to have reproductive cells that have an extra copy of the chromosome 21 (Grinshpun†Cohen, Miron†Shatz, Ries†Levavi, Pras, 2015). Because of this factor, it is very well that Ms. Gens contributed to the Down syndrome. She could have been tested prior to the birth of the baby so that she could have been made aware. Since medical guidelines have changed in the last decade, the testing for Down syndrome is now available to all expectant mothers. This means that Ms. Gens should have been advised of this upon initially deciding to get pregnant. If she were to have known that†¦show more content†¦Adequate Testing Prior to the birth of the child, an amniocentesis can be performed to determine certain aspects of the baby’s health. A sample of the amniotic fluid is gathered from around the baby . This test is commonly performed so that it can be discovered if the child has any type of disorder or abnormality. It is commonly used to see if the baby will be born with Down syndrome. This way the parents are prepared once the baby is born. A fine needle is inserted to extract the fluid with the use of an ultrasound. The amniocentesis is able to detect several hundred genetic diseases and chromosomal disorders. It can also determine any neural tube defects that may be present. It is not able to specify the severity of any of the illnesses that may show as being present. Testing of this nature can increase the threat of miscarriage. This does not mean that it will occur, but rather than it can occur. Ms. Gens should have been educated on this testing since she is at the age range where disorders are more prevalent in births. She could have been told what it entails and to determine if she would like to proceed. If she decided against the testing, then she is assuming the risk wh ich means that she is prepared for what is going to transpire after the baby is born. While an amniocentesis is able to determine paternity, it is not yet able to determine race. However, that shouldShow MoreRelatedOverview of the National Association for Down Syndrome1275 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿National Association for Down Syndrome The National Association for Down Syndrome is governed much like a traditional corporation, with a board of directors and staff members, although it is a nonprofit. NADS is the oldest organization in the country serving individuals with Down syndrome and their families.  It was founded in Chicago in 1961 by parents who chose to go against medical advice and raised their children with Down syndrome at home (About NADS, 2012, NADS). From its inception, NADSRead MoreLife Is A Precious Thing Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesthere are perceived risks to the baby, bringing that life into the world brings more questions than answers. It no longer is a debate between the rights of the women and the rights of the fetus but brings deeper ethical issues into question. This essay will take a look at one such situation, how some core Christian worldview beliefs are relevant to the case, and how a Christian would resolve this issue; as well as look at both consequences and benefits of the re solution, and an alternative. EthicalRead MoreEssay on Understanding Persons with Intellectual Disabilities1518 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents have intellectual disabilities and 40 percent of the students are with multiple disabilities. In the 2007 through 2008 school year 56 percent autism students graduated with a regular high school diploma (Lewis, 2011). Therefore, in this essay the definition, characteristics, and causes of intellectual disability, traumatic brain injury, autism, severe disabilities, and deaf-blindness will be discussed. The first definition, characteristic and cause discussed are intellectual disabilityRead MorePregnancy: Is It for All Ages? Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesown personal reasons, such as careers and money. According to the Journal of Clinical Nursing by Loke Poon (2010)- both professionals in the medical field- state â€Å"[t]he growing proportion of first births to advanced age women is a public health concern,† and â€Å"†¦there are controversial views as whether advanced age pregnancy renders women more prone to pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes† (p. 1142). This statement provides credibility behind the fact that there are many risks developed duringRead MoreLala Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesHow does Haddon’s portrayal of the relationship between Christopher and his world move us to a deeper understanding of acceptance? In your response make a detailed reference to your prescribed text. Break down Portrayal - how it is shown Relationship between Christopher and his world - how Christopher interacts with him world; his perceptions of people and the world and how we as the reader realise the world perceives him Acceptance - acceptance of Christopher and in a broaderRead MoreThe Go Pro Is Like Brownie And The Polaroid963 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I think about my brain, I compare it to a television set, a computer, or a camera. It can replay, slow down, show me things, and even retain information whenever it wants to. It s available to me if I need to input information like an computer I can. I can reminisce or daydream at any given time day or night just as if I was a camera, taking pictures. Our brain can capture and freeze and hold that thought or memory forever. Just like a computer or a camera. For instance, Nick Paumgarten aRead MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 Pagescan lead to many severe abnormalities in the growing fetus. More specifically, a disorder that will be explored in this essay is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Since the alcohol is consumed in such a developing stage of the fetus, it can potentially cause many different complications in the unborn child. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome could easily be prevented with more awareness to the issue and its defining characteristics, how it affects the fetus duringRead MoreMean World1027 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Mean World Syndrome† Everyone is influenced and shaped by society. Society affects our perceptions, our consciousness, and our actions. A majority of the influence, especially on the younger demographic comes through the media; specifically through television. It is important to examine how violence in the media develops a pervasive cultural environment that cultivates a heightened state of insecurity, exaggerated perceptions of risk and danger, and a fear-driven propensity for hard-line politicalRead MoreCritical Incident In Social Work1618 Words   |  7 Pageshigh standards of value. This essay will highlight an incidence in a supported accommodation setting where issues of diversity, ethics, and values were clearly observed. The incident will be critically analysed using a critical incident analysis pro – forma and incorporate it with the PCS model perspective. Furthermore, The PCF, HCPC and BASW codes of ethics will also be looked at in relation to social work practices and aspects of divers ity, ethics and value. The essay will also give strategies thatRead MoreChildren And Young People With Disabilities874 Words   |  4 Pagesin their individual learning and care needs. Inclusion is not optional, children have defined entitlements in this area and settings have legal responsibilities (Department for Children Schools and Families 2008:p2) Both settings included in this essay have current policies and procedures that are in line the Equality Act (2010) this states, no discrimination against children and young people because of their sex, race, disability, religion, belief or sexual orientation(see appendix 11for setting

Does Pineapple Make Oral Sex Taste Better

The effect that pineapple has on oral sex depends on how often you eat pineapple, the impact of other foods in your diet, your overall health, and other factors. In general, eating fruit causes bodily secretions to taste sweeter. Anecdotal evidence and a few small studies indicate that pineapple might have the biggest effect. Its no surprise that what you eat affects the way you taste. After all, the feed given to animals affects the flavor of the meat. Therefore, it makes sense that what you eat affects how you taste, particularly your bodily secretions, including seminal and vaginal fluids. There are a few studies on the topic and numerous blog posts sharing personal experiments. Two small studies include the pineapple sex test, conducted at porkandgin.com, and a review of online data from the Kinsey Institute. The limited data finds that male ejaculate and female vaginal secretions are affected by pineapple. It doesnt seem to matter whether the pineapple is fresh, canned, or juiced. The effect isnt noticeable immediately after eating a few bites of pineapple. Most respondents saw a definite effect after eating pineapple for several days. The impact relates in part to the way ​food affects mucus production and composition. Chemicals in foods you eat are found in most secretions, including perspiration and breast milk as well as semen and vaginal fluid. Key Takeaways: Pineapple and Oral Sex The foods you eat affect the taste of bodily secretions, so they can have an effect on oral sex.Research indicates eating pineapple may make secretions taste sweeter.Other foods also influence body chemistry, including scent and flavor. Foods That Might Make You Taste Sweeter (or Not) In addition to pineapple, other foods reputedly change your body chemistry enough to alter the flavor of semen and vaginal fluid. These tend to be foods high in acidity or sugars and include: WaterLiqueurs (but not so much alcohol as to cause dehydration)PineappleDried fruitFresh berriesKiwi Foods high in chlorophyll (wheatgrass, celery, parsley) got mixed reviews. Several websites recommended them, but they didnt cite their sources, and none of the bloggers who tested them detected much effect.  Another key factor is your hydration level.   Just as some foods might make you taste better, others might have a negative impact, increasing bitterness. You and your partner might wish to limit: SmokingCoffeeBroccoli, cauliflower, asparagus, and other Brassica sp.High levels of preservatives in foodsCertain drugs (specifics were not given)Onions, garlic, and other Allium sp.  (believed to be related to sulfur compounds) There were mixed reviews concerning fish, red meat, dairy, and beer. Anecdotally, it would appear that eating meat is not a negative factor, as long as a persons diet regularly includes fresh fruits and vegetables. Foods That Affect How You Perceive Flavor Your perception of flavor relies on chemoreceptors. Compounds in the foods you eat not only affect your secretions and chemical composition but your ability to taste chemicals. The enzyme bromelain in pineapples is a protease that literally dissolves proteins in your mouth, causing a prickly sensation and limiting your ability to perceive flavors. The miracle berry (Synsepalum dulcificum) makes sour foods taste sweet. The berry contains a glycoprotein named miraculin that binds to receptors on taste buds. Sour foods are acidic, so they lower the pH inside the mouth. At low pH, miraculin activates sweet receptors. The effect lasts until saliva rinses away the protein, which takes about half an hour. Sodium lauryl ether sulfate and sodium lauryl sulfate are  surfactants in toothpaste that lower surface tension of fluid inside your mouth. This is great when youre brushing away bacteria, but the surfactants also wash away phospholipids that coat your tongue. The result explains why orange juice tastes vile if you drink it right after brushing your teeth. Incidentally, youd get the same effect if you washed your mouth out with soap containing these common ingredients. Artichoke, on the other hand, makes food taste sweeter. This results from a chemical reaction with the cynarine and chlorogenic acid in the plant. Cynarine inhibits your ability to taste sweet flavors, but the chemical is displaced by the next food you eat, automatically making it taste sweet. If you want to conduct your own experiment, review the scientific method and do it right!

The Depth In Agnes Martin Free Essays

Simple, subdued, serene – will be the adventurous description of the various insights on the totality of what Agnes Martin shared with the world of art.   Simple, subdued, serene – will also be the summarized description of what Agnes Martin’s many critics say of her work.   And, simple, subdued, serene – will be the captive element of what the reviews said of the Agnes Martin documentary â€Å"With My Back to the World†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Depth In Agnes Martin or any similar topic only for you Order Now Treading from abstract expressionism to minimalism, all of Agnes Martin’s life, works and story – as captured in â€Å"With My Back to the World; and, as per the perspective of its director, Mary Lance; and, as per all the insights, critiques, reviews and commentaries – are but a symphony of illustrations and expressions as to how the delightful artist treated, educated and revealed to the world the mystique of life. Unanimously acknowledging the preferred solitude and reclusion of the great artist, they recognized Agnes Martin to have nevertheless proven the presence of soulfulness and intensity in her chosen art form, despite of living in silence. The interesting fact though is that in the profundity of her silence vis-à  -vis the silence of her profundity, Agnes Martin allowed Mary Lance to interview her and shoot the documentary film while Agnes Martin is working and right there in her New Mexico studio. Together with the documentary â€Å"With My Back to the World†; together with all her works; together with the designation of ARTnews Magazine in 2002 as one of the world’s top ten livings artists – the lines and hues of Agnes Martin therefore became the canopy from where we view the spirit of Taosim that inspired her as she reveal her creativity and philosophy. AGNES MARTIN – HER LIFE TO THE BEHOLDER: Born on March 22, 1912 in Makin, Saskatchewan, Canada – Agnes Martin nevertheless grew up in Vancouver, British Columbia.   They were four siblings in the family, but her father died when she was only 2 years old.   From thenon, Agnes’ mother steadfastly stood by her resolve to raise her brood by her self.   Such aura of strength and independence etched in the mind of the growing Agnes. In 1931 she moved to the United States and attended The Western Washington College of Education in Bellingham; the Teachers College of the Columbia University in New York and the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque.   She has earned her Bachelors degree in 1942 and her Masters Degree in 1952.   She acquired her American citizenship in 1950. She was an art teacher in University of New Mexico and other public schools in Washington and Delaware from 1947 to 1948 and in Eastern Oregon College in 1952 to 1953.   With the paintings Agnes Martin accumulated, Betty Parsons Gallery offered to handle her work if she moves to New York City. It was in 1958 that Agnes Martin was given her first solo exhibition in the said gallery.   It was a period when abstract expressionism is at its height as an art form and likewise the seeming dawn of minimalism is soon going to be witnessed. In the Coenties Slip in Lower Manhattan where she lived, Agnes Martin huddled with artists like Ellsworth Kelly, Robert Indiana, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Jack Youngerman. Agnes Martin, took a break from painting from 1967 to 1974 as she ventured into filmmaking.   It was in 1976 that she produced the film â€Å"Gabriel†.  Ã‚   The subject of the film is a boy who incessantly went to explore the world in his own quiet ways. Thereafter she resumed her painting wherein her exhibitions were held various museums in the succeeding years, like – in the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Pace Gallery, New York; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; the Harwood Museum of Art at the University of New Mexico.   There are also other international art galleries that have invited and showcased the works of Agnes Martin. Agnes Martin was inducted in 1989 as a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters in New York.   She received the Gold Lion Award at the Venice Biennale in 1997 for her lifetime achievement and contribution in contemporary art.   The National Endowment for Arts granted in 1998 to Agnes Martin the National Medal of Arts. In 1997, the highlight of her achievement was the establishment of the Agnes Martin Gallery in New Mexico, where her work is showcased.   Otherwise, Sotheby and other auction houses do trade in great value the works of this great, enigmatic artist. AGNES MARTIN – HER WORKS TO THE CONNOISSEUR: Among buyers, users, collectors, critiques – all connoisseurs discern and judge in a balanced mix of subjectivity, relativity, objectivity and economics.   Value for value there is thin line in visual arts that does not only rest on what is seen – there must be something â€Å"beyond†. The utter simplicity and directness of the creation of Agnes Martin, within the perfection of horizontal and vertical lines in her grids and as per the hues she applied with her own brand of discernment, have all been acknowledged as very expressive and moving. â€Å"The Taos artist’s grids, some of them traced in lines of graphite, so faint they seem to be emerging from or disappearing into a mist†¦..Martin’s†¦.[is] an art of invisibility.   It’s tempting to ready a ‘beyond’ into them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lee, 1998) You therefore view the work with great challenge and enthusiasm.   You have to really get close to the painting.   You dissect every pattern and color.   You try to find the hints and clues.   You feel mystified.   You search for the meaning. It is because Agnes Martin invites a â€Å"relationship† with the viewer of her art.   She wants a direct and distinctive communication between her art and her viewer.   Then, you will see the beauty, the finesse, the simplicity of just the perfect, varied lines.   â€Å"†¦.what they give back in their simplicity and richness, is indescribably moving.†Ã‚   (Lee, 1998) Agnes Martin’s painting convinces that there is a palpable person and a palpable thought that is put into the work.   Subtly, there are little and misty wobbles and breaks in the hues and lines – they tease and try to see if you are paying attention to details. The purpose of imperfection is to achieve perfection.   It challenges perception of what is between and/or the difference between real and ideal. Indeed her works produced in a span of 60 odd years is visionary and timeless.   Despite the temperament of her artistic times that traversed between minimalism to abstract expressionism, Agnes Martin humbly demurs from being classified as a spearhead, neither the bridge between the two art forms. The transition in the art form of Agnes Martin is akin to her transition in learning and knowing and realizing everything about her and her surroundings and the society she lived with. Even in the eventual solitude she chose, Agnes Martin is still conscious of what being in a community of man is all about.   Her earlier ventures were in still life and portrait painting.   Therefore, she went along the tide of the prevailing abstract expressionism in the 1940’s to the early 1950’s. How to cite The Depth In Agnes Martin, Papers

Underachievement of the Nursing Student-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the application of different learning theory to promote effective learning process. Answer: Introduction: Effective mentorship during prequalified nursing education is considered very important because nursing students spend half of their course in clinical practice. In such situation, it is essential that rich clinical experience is provided to nursing students that supports their ongoing development and learning. It can be summed up by saying that effective mentorship is critical for the development of required clinical competencies in nursing students. Students who find an effective mentor before their placement finds the mentoring support as invaluable for their professional skill development. While a student attempts to learn new nursing skills and interventions, the mentor acts as a gatekeeper to monitor whether expectations in particular task is met by them or not. The supervising mentor guides a failing student to the right direction by summative assessment of their learning and implementation of alternative learning process to improve their practice (Myall et al., 2008). This es say explores the whole process of mentoring and their role in learning, teaching and assessment of students through the discussion on an experience of mentorship with an underachieving student. The essay takes the discussion further by describing the underachievement of the nursing student and identifying the behaviors or action leading to underachievement. Furthermore, the assessment of the student is done through the comparison with different learning styles and using them to teach and improve existing skill of students. The essay also focuses on the application of different learning theory to promote effective learning process. Finally, the essay also provides a reflection on key learning from the experience as a mentor to improve nursing skills of an underachieving student. Discussion on underachieving student For a nursing mentor, managing and supporting a nursing student who is failing to meet the standards and proficiencies mentioned by NMC (National Midwifery Council) for registration is the most challenging task. The NMC outlines different competency standards for different practice areas such as adult nursing, mental health nursing, childrens nursing and learning disabilities nursing. The NMC also makes it mandatory for all mentors to support and assess learning of a student on pre-registration nursing education programme (Nursing Midwifery Council 2017). Therefore, mentors work with prequalifying nursing students to support, supervise and teach them in the application of theory to practice. However, when a student does not perform at the expected level, the mentoring role becomes difficult. Once such challenging mentoring experience was seen when a second year nursing student came to a mentor for a 5 week placement. The main reason for which she was sent to the mentor was that she was inefficient in administering medications correctly. In her last placement, she was found to make serious error in this area and due to this underacheivement, she was placed under a mentor. She had made many mistakes in last placement as she gave the wrong dose of medication to a patient which lead to adverse drug event. Considering the underachievement of student in medicine administration, the mentors role in supporting the student to achieve this competency is important. This is because nurses are the most involved in the medicine administration phase and they play a vital role in the medication process. A small mistake by them can also cost the lives of patient. Wrong dose related error is mostly made by nurse due to complex dosage regimen particularly in the specialty area of ICU, emergency department and intervention area (Smeulers et al., 2015). The common reasons reported by nurses for this kind of error are name confusion, inappropriate drug labeling, miscommunication and knowledge deficits (Feleke, Mulatu, Yesmaw, 2015). Hence, as a mentor, it is very important for them to identify, intercept and correct errors of the nursing student in placement. The first step for mentor is to identify the underachieving learner. The mentor can do this by reviewing the previous placement record of the nursing student. This can help to formulate strategy for support and guidance (Melnyk et al., 2014). While trying to assess the behavior of the underachieving learner, the most common problem reported by mentors was that nursing students could not apply theoretical knowledge to nursing practice. In the scenario of the nursing student, she also faced the same problem. She also had attitude because she felt very nervous and displayed very high level of anxiety during clinical actions. Another major issue with her was that she had poor interpersonal skill which increased the likelihood of making medication error. During the observation, the student was found to display high level of anxiety during medicine administration. The students behavior is common to other underachieving learner. Rooke, (2014) showed that underachieving learners in nursing p ractice display diverse range of behaviors like reluctant to ask questions, unenthusiastic attitude, high level of anxiety, inconsistent performance, lack of theory to support learning, lack of response insight, poor judgment and poor professional behavior and development. In this situation, the mentor plays a major role in improving the knowledge, skills and professional attitude required for professional nursing practice. Assessment of student and learning style: To address the shortcoming of the nursing student in medicine administration, the first critical step for the mentor will be to establish a unique relationship with the learner. A mentor is defined as an individual who manage the potential of a learner, develop their skills and help them achieve their professional goals (Bray Nettleton, 2007). As part of student-mentor relationship, the role of mentor is to judge the quality of the underachieved student through assessment process. The progress of learner is dependent on unbiased assessment decisions. Maran Pera, (2015) also mentions that relationship is the heart of effective mentoring and giving constructive and developmental feedback is the fundamental part of professional mentoring relationship. The following are the important element of effective mentor-student relationship: Open communication with learner Identifying goals and challenges Passion and inspiration Developing caring relationship, mutual respect and trust Exchange of knowledge Independence and collaboration (Eller, Lev, Feurer, 2014) Hence, the process starts with open communication with learner and assessment of their unique learning style. Secondly, this is followed by teaching and learning phase in which passion, inspiration and exchange of knowledge occurs. Foster, Ooms Marks-Maran, (2015) mentions that for students, teaching and knowledge exchange is the most valued behavior for them in the student-mentor relationship. Mentors also work to address the attitude related problem of learners. For instance, they can motivate students to learn by arousing their curiosity level. They always try to correct their clinical action by explaining the relevance of the action for achieving adesired goal. The most important point that must be instilled in unachieved students mind is that they must also have the confidence that they can learn anything and achieve satisfactory results. Developing anxiety and lack of confidence is a negative trait for learners. In the context of the nursing student with underachievement in medications administration, her skill and professional development can be planned by mentors by proper assessment strategy. Proper assessment and accountability will only foster professional growth, personal development and nursing competency of the student (Moran Banks, 2016). Learning style is one of the major factor that influence learning and identifying the preferred learning style of student is important to align the teaching and learning strategies according to the preferred learning style of students. It promotes retention of information and promotes learning too (Leidenfrost et al., 2014). In case of the underachieved student, the mentor can identify her learning style via the VAK questionnaire. The VAK questionnaire is based on the visual-auditory-kinesthetic learning styles model. It is a simple and easily tool that helps mentor to identify preferred learning styles of students and plan specific teaching plan and learning strategies that matches students preference (Thakur, Vij, Shri, 2017). The VAK learning style model defines three types of learning styles. Visual learners are those who learn best from visual displays and taking notes. They always try to observes things through display, demonstrations, handout and displays. The second learning style is the auditory learning style that involves retention of information through spoken words or sounds. Such learners pays interest to lectures, classroom discussion and role plays. Another learning style is the kinesthetic learning style by which learners learn through physical and practical hands-on experience. This types of learners are explorers who actively participates in activities (Gholami Bagheri, 2013). The VAK questionnaire helps to identify learning styles by answering 30 questions. The score obtained from the response determines the main preferred learning style of student. Based on the learning style of the underachieved student, the mentor can plan the modes of learning and teaching process for them. If she is a auditory learner, she can use lecture methods for teaching. For visual learners, providing displays will be important. Secondly, for kinesthetic learners, giving them practical hands-on experience will promote their professional development. Application of learning theories to enhance learning On the basis of the VAK questionnaire, the preferred learning style identified in the underachieving student was visual learning style. The assigned mentor can plan teaching and assessment strategies according to the visual learning style. In such case, the mentor needs to explain all the concepts related to medicine administration by means of pictures, diagrams and good quality educational videos. They need to integrate all clinical information with visual diagrams. Matching learning style with preferred learning style will ultimately prove beneficial for the underachieved nursing student because this will have a great impact on her ability to acquire the knowledge related to safe medicine administration (Morgan, 2014). All have an individual learning styles that best suits them. Therefore, the underachieved nursing student is expected to take detailed notes and learn fast by means of illustration, graphics and power-point presentation. Hence, visual tools will be used as a teaching tool to improve the skills of the nursing student. Although the focus of mentor is to promote professional development of students, however assessment is required in the area of professional values, interpersonal skills, attitudes and reasoning too (Bennett McGowan, 2014). This is because certain behavior and value also determines the ability to manage risk and remaining persistence with service standards. On the basis of this identification, appropriate action plan can be developed by the mentors. According to the NMC specification, while assessing and documenting the skill of pre-registration nursing student, it is necessary to be factual and non-judgment to identify strength and weakness in particular nursing practice (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2017).In the context of underachieving nursing student, the mentor can identify weakness in clinical skill by reviewing past placement report. Secondly, her attitudes and behavior towards nursing practices can be evaluated by open communication and interaction with the student. This inte raction revealed many efficiencies in student both in terms of professional skills as well as interpersonal skills and professional values. Firstly, the student was found to lack confidence and her communication skill was poor. In the area of medicine administration, determining medicine in different clinical situation was difficult for her. So, the action plan for professional development mainly needs to address the area of competencies in medicine administration and personal attitude towards nursing practice. Developing an action plan for underachieving nursing student to help them achieve specific professional outcome is a challenging task for mentors. However, it can be made easier by outlining different activities such as- Identifying areas of development for nursing students Evaluating how to achieve target learning outcomes. Listing the criteria to assess achievement of outcome Planning a date for achievement of action plan Giving constructive and honest written or verbal assessment feedback to students Implement teaching plan for the achievement of desired competencies (Brown et al., 2012). While teaching the nurse about medicine administration safety, the first important teaching will be to make the student crystal clear about the five stages of medication process- prescribing, transcribing, dispensing and delivery, administering and monitoring process (Halbesleben et al., 2010). In helping the nurse to achieve the required competency in this area, the nurse will not focus on the nursing actions in each process. Instead, it will focus on making the student nurse about errors that can occur in different stage. This will be a unique learning opportunity for student because mentors have the experience in these areas and they provided useful knowledge about practice issues occurring in this activity. This process will enhance the learning process and make the nurse aware about mistakes and ways to address them. The most common issue for nursing student when they enter clinical placement is that they struggle to apply theoretical knowledge into practice in different clinical situations. However, mentors facilitate their transition from one learning environment to another through their knowledge and experience in nursing (Button, Harrington, Belan, 2014). They can also enhance the learning experience of mentors by application of different learning theories in the teaching and mentoring process. Each learning theories can contribute to effective mentorship process. For instance, the behaviorist learning theory focused mainly on change in behavior due to experience or positive reinforcement. It recognizes that behavior can be changes in response to a stimulus. It is relevant to the theories of classical and operant conditioning that focus on reinforcement of rewards to promote change (Montano Kasprzyk, 2015). Hence, to modify students attitudes and response towards an action, the mentor can a lter the stimulus condition in clinical environment. Another theoretical perspective about learning is understood from the cognitive learning theory which focuses on individuals cognition such as perception, thought, memory and way of processing information to promote learning. It is a highly active process in which individual observe, categorize and form generalization about to environment and then develop new insights and learning (Sternberg Zhang, 2014). Hence, contrary to behavioral theory, it does not believe in rewards to enhance learning. A mentor trying to teach nursing students by this method will have to influence the learning process by identifying the past perception, expectation and social influence that affect their learning situation. Another adult learning theory is the andragogy learning theory which regards adult learning as problem centred process. It recognizes the fact that experience forms the basis for learning and people are interesting in learning those things which have immediate relevance in their personal l ife (Merriam, 2015). In my own personal mentoring practice, I would apply the cognitive learning theory to facilitate better learning in the nursing student. Hence, in relation to the inefficiency of the nursing student in safe medicine administration, the main role of mentor will be to assess the past experience of students in this activity and find out how their own expectation and social influences disrupts from achieving the outcome. This can give insight into the mentees expectation and the reasons for which she could not match them during delivery of the activity. Knowing about her own perception can help the mentor to judge whether she has the right professional value to achieve those competencies or not. Secondly, any knowledge or skills gap and other environmental factors in workplace that causes the student nurse to medication errors. Importance of clinical learning environment The main focus of mentors in nursing practice is to support preregistered nurse to achieve the desired competency to confirm their registration as a practice nurse. Hence, nurses mostly focus on characteristics and attitudes of nurse that prevent them from achieving desired professional outcome. However, it cannot be denied that shortcomings and weakness in nursing students alone do not lead to underachievement. Sometimes, the clinical environment of process also acts as a barrier in the accomplishing a clinical task in a safe and effective manner. This may have an impact on the students learning experience too. The clinical environment is necessary for practical experience and development of nurses. However, sometimes the clinical environment only creates stressful situation for nurses. One study investigating about learning challenges of nursing students in clinical environment revealed that insufficient qualification of nursing instructor and unsupportive learning environment crea ted challenges in learning (Baraz, Memarian, Vanaki, 2015). In relation to medication errors by nurses, it was also found that clinical environmental also contributed to this issues. Cheragi et al., (2013) revealed that nurses reported medication errors due to noisy environment, heavy workload, tiredness and lack of adequate support. All these factors are linked to clinical environment. Hence, it cannot be denied that providing an appropriate clinical environment is also necessary to enhance the learning process. To facilitate quality acquisition of clinical experience during placement, it is necessary to adjust clinical learning environment. Therefore, when mentors engage in assessment process, they must also assess nursing students satisfaction with the clinical environment as this also affects their motivation level as well as clinical performance (Papastavrou et al., 2016). After the identification of the learning style, the appropriate assessment of the nursing student can be done by SWOT analysis. This can help to determine the main priorities of action and utilizing strengths as a motivational factor for mentees. The SWOT analysis can act as a useful tool to identify strength and weakness in nursing students and plan teaching objectives accordingly. It can act as a starting block in the interview. The SWOT analysis can assess students in the following ways: Strength- Personal strengths and good qualities as a nursing student Weakness- Areas needing improvement in terms of clinical skill and personal attitude towards nursing Opportunities- Interesting opportunities for the nursing students to achieve competency in medication administration Threat- Personal and environment barriers acting as a threat in the learning and skill acquisition process With SWOT analysis process, objective setting process for learning and skill development will become easier. Reflection on assessment and constructive feedback can provide a positive learning experience to the underachieving student. On basis of identification of weakness and strength, the SMART objectives that can be made by the mentor to train and develop the student includes the following: Helping the student to achieve complete competency in safe medicine administration (Specific) Promoting practice based learning in student through visual aids and exploring past to identify perception, thought and attitude of nursing, evaluation of activities by validation of assessment tools and decisions (Measureable) Full clarity regarding medication administration process will be given through video tutorial and role play (Achievable) Improving communication and interpersonal skills to prevent errors and facilitate collaboration process in nursing practice (Relevant) Conclusion The essay gave an understanding about the duties and responsibilities of a mentor for skill development in pre-registration nursing students. The critical discussion regarding the process followed by a mentor to assess and teach an underachieving student gave insight into the importance of alignment with mentees learning style to promote learning. Furthermore, application of different learning theory was found to enhance the learning process for nursing students. Apart from focus on personal and professional skill development, the importance of effective clinical environment was also found to be important to support and motivate students to learn clinical skills. Completion of this module gave me very important knowledge and insights regarding the non-judgmental attitude and specific planning needed by mentors. It gave me idea about different dimension of mentors role such as that of effective working relationship, evidence-based practice, context of practice, assessment and accounta bility, evaluation of practice and facilitation of learning. In future, I will use the above elements to support learning and assessment of students References Baraz, S., Memarian, R., Vanaki, Z. (2015). Learning challenges of nursing students in clinical environments: A qualitative study in Iran.Journal of education and health promotion,4. Bennett, M., McGowan, B. (2014). Assessment mattersmentors need support in their role.British journal of nursing,23(9), 454-458. Bray, L., Nettleton, P. (2007). Assessor or mentor? Role confusion in professional education.Nurse education today,27(8), 848-855. Brown, L., Douglas, V., Garrity, J., Shepherd, C. K. (2012). What influences mentors to pass or fail students: Lynn Brown and colleagues describe a study to explore mentorship practices, including whether mentors pass students who are not fit to practise, the reasons for doing so and mentors perceptions of the universitys support for their role.Nursing Management,19(5), 16-21. Button, D., Harrington, A., Belan, I. (2014). E-learning information communication technology (ICT) in nursing education: A review of the literature.Nurse Education Today,34(10), 1311-1323. Cheragi, M. A., Manoocheri, H., Mohammadnejad, E., Ehsani, S. R. (2013). Types and causes of medication errors from nurse's viewpoint.Iranian journal of nursing and midwifery research,18(3), 228. Eller, L.S., Lev, E.L. and Feurer, A. (2014) Key components of an effective mentoring relationship: a qualitative study,Nurse Education Today, vol. 34, no. 5, pp. 81520. Feleke, S. A., Mulatu, M. A., Yesmaw, Y. S. (2015). Medication administration error: magnitude and associated factors among nurses in Ethiopia.BMC nursing,14(1), 53. Foster, H., Ooms, A. Marks-Maran, D. (2015) Nursing students expectations and experiences of mentorship,Nurse Education Today, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 1824. Available at:https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2014.04.019(Accessed 11 February 2015). Gholami, S., Bagheri, M. S. (2013). Relationship between VAK learning styles and problem solving styles regarding gender and students fields of study.Journal of Language Teaching and Research,4(4), 700-706. Halbesleben, J. R., Savage, G. T., Wakefield, D. S., Wakefield, B. J. (2010). Rework and workarounds in nurse medication administration process: implications for work processes and patient safety.Health care management review,35(2), 124-133. Leidenfrost, B., Strassnig, B., Schtz, M., Carbon, C. C., Schabmann, A. (2014). The Impact of Peer Mentoring on Mentee Academic Performance: Is Any Mentoring Style Better than No Mentoring at All?.International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education,26(1), 102-111. Maran, A. A., Pera, M. P. I. (2015). Theory and practice in the construction of professional identity in nursing students: a qualitative study.Nurse education today,35(7), 859-863. Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher?Ford, L., Long, L. E., Fineout?Overholt, E. (2014). The establishment of evidence?based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real?world clinical settings: proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing,11(1), 5-15. Merriam, S. B. (2015). Adult Learning Theory: A Review and an Update.Culture, Biography Lifelong Learning,1(1), 59-71. Montano, D. E., Kasprzyk, D. (2015). Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model.Health behavior: Theory, research and practice (. Moran, M., Banks, D. (2016). An exploration of the value of the role of the mentor and mentoring in midwifery.Nurse education today,40, 52-56. Morgan, H. (2014). Maximizing student success with differentiated learning.The Clearing House: A Journal of Educational Strategies, Issues and Ideas,87(1), 34-38. Myall, M., Levett?Jones, T., Lathlean, J. (2008). Mentorship in contemporary practice: the experiences of nursing students and practice mentors.Journal of clinical nursing,17(14), 1834-1842. Nursing Midwifery Council. (2017).NMC standards for mentors, practice teachers and teachers. Retrieved 11 August 2017, from https://www.ed.ac.uk/files/atoms/files/nmc_standards_to_support_learning_and_assessment_in_practice.pdf Papastavrou, E., Dimitriadou, M., Tsangari, H., Andreou, C. (2016). Nursing students satisfaction of the clinical learning environment: a research study.BMC nursing,15(1), 44. Rooke, N. (2014). An evaluation of nursing and midwifery sign off mentors, new mentors and nurse lecturers' understanding of the sign off mentor role.Nurse education in practice,14(1), 43-48. Smeulers, M., Onderwater, A. T., Zwieten, M. C., Vermeulen, H. (2014). Nurses' experiences and perspectives on medication safety practices: an explorative qualitative study.Journal of nursing management,22(3), 276-285. Sternberg, R. J., Zhang, L. F. (Eds.). (2014).Perspectives on thinking, learning, and cognitive styles. Routledge. Thakur, D., Vij, A. K., Shri, C. (2017). Matching Teaching Pedagogy with Learning Styles of Students-Insights through Literature Review.

Multicultural Counseling Theory

Abstract This paper addresses the various issues associated with multicultural counseling theory. The pros and cons of multicultural counseling theory were analyzed with regards to factors that affect the work of multicultural counselors. People have ceased from being confined in their regions because of the scarcity of opportunities.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Multicultural Counseling Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People from various backgrounds are meeting in countries that have cultures that far much different from theirs. They encounter difficulties while trying to adjust themselves to the changes. The challenges affect them at varied intensity depending on their age, gender and religion. The multicultural counselors must be ready to tackle such difficulties in order to assist their clients overcome these obstacles. He/she should act as the role model of his/her clients. Both the couns elor and the client must undertake their responsibility appropriately. The counselor must stick to the ethics of being a counselor. There are some personality traits that should be portrayed by a qualified counselor. The clients expect the counselor to be open minded rather than being reserved. Besides that the counselor should pay close attention to the progress of their client and if they realize that the problem has remained persistent they should consider other alternatives. These are some of the issues that have been analyzed in this paper. Introduction Counseling entails giving people advice concerning their problems and the professionals who offer this advice are called counselors. When one is faced with difficulties and he/she does not know how to handle it or what steps to take, they are expected to consult a counselor. A counselor’s job is very demanding because he/she must change the thoughts of the client. This job can further be complicated when the counselor dea ls with clients from all walks of life. Counselors are expected to deal with people from different backgrounds, cultures, and ethnicities, thus leading to the concept of multicultural counseling theory. This paper reviews the pros and cons of multicultural counseling. Today our communities have been mixed up because the increase in human population has forced people to relocate to other countries in search of work. This is owing to the fact that the resources in their nations could hardly sustain them hence when they secured opportunities in foreign nations they decided to settle there.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although they exist in foreign land they continue to exhibit their cultures which make them unique. However, multicultural counselors must be acquainted to the cultures of their clients because that way they will be in a position to understand their multi cultural clients better (James, 2008). Pros and Cons of Multicultural Counseling Theory The pros and cons of MCT are attributed to factors such as ethnicity, gender, age, disability, and religion. The following are the strengths of MCT: (1). is flexible and takes into consideration different cultures; 2. It is in itself a theoretical model; 3. Understanding it helps counselors to deal with people from different cultures; and 4. several alternatives can be applied using MCT. On the other hand, the limitations of MCT include: 1. the counselor need to understand different cultures; 2. there is need to understand the underlying concepts of MCT; 3. the theory has little research in relation to analytical evidence; 4. it neglects traditional therapies; and 5. It is generally difficult for counselors to adopt MCT. In this light, the following section discusses the factors affecting multicultural counseling and the qualities required by a multicultural counselor. The factors are discussed i n relation to the mentioned pros and cons of MCT. Factors Influencing Multicultural Counseling MCT outlines that when a counselor is giving advice he/she must not compromise the culture of his clients thus he/she should appreciate their differences. If the clients feel that their counselor does not understand them, such as why they do certain things or why they behave in a certain way, they will opt for a counselor who belongs to their ethnicity and thus multicultural counseling will loose its meaning. The best strategy towards the success of multicultural counseling is to have customized approaches to client issues which might help solve their problems. If a counselor applies a uniform approach in solving clients’ problem he/she will not solve their problems in a satisfactory manner. This is because people understand things differently and their thoughts are influenced by their backgrounds and cultures. It is unacceptable for a counselor to speak negatively about the culture s or ethnicity of his/her clients. If the clients came to realize this they would loose the pride that they have towards their culture and this may result in hatred.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Multicultural Counseling Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Pedersen (2002), counselors should promote the tolerance of cultural diversity by appreciating their clients regardless of their background. If a counselor must discourage against a given cultural practice he/she must bring the point home in a polite manner because using rude language will make it sound like an insult. The counselor should establish a friendship based on trust with his/her clients. For this trust to be realized, the counselor must prove to his/her clients that what they share is confidential because if they feel that their secrets are not safe they can’t dare to share vital information with the counselor. Thi s information is important because it makes the client to provide the relevant information that could be the root cause of their problem. This means that the counselor should be neutral while dealing with his/her clients because if he discriminates some of them the others will come to realize in one way or another and this will have a negative impact on the integrity of the counselor. This implies that a multicultural counselor should have strong interpersonal skills to enable him/her handle situations involving people from different cultures (Gladding, 2009). Counselors must be familiar with the cultural values of their clients and also understand how the people of various backgrounds interact with the rest of the world. This refers to their likes and dislikes which is greatly influenced by their cultures. Failure to understand their tastes may cause the counselor to apply inappropriate approach to their problem. The above stated scenario occurs quite often and that’s why yo u will hear clients saying that they sought professional help from a given counselor and it was not effective while another client may praise the competence of the same counselor. This could be due to the fact that the two clients are from different origins and the counselor in question could be familiar to the culture of one of them hence he was able to offer appropriate help. When people from different cultures and races come together their differences become their identity. Pope-Davis and Coleman (2001) suggest that these differences are important because they give them a sense of belonging. Assuming that we were all different from each other, interaction would be impossible. When people from various cultures occupy the same habitat there are two possible outcomes of their interactions. First, one culture might be eliminated by another. Either of the two cultures may be eliminated, that is, the host culture or the foreign culture, but this process depends on the one that dominate s the habitat shared by the two cultures. For instance, if the foreigners outnumber the hosts, the culture of the foreigners is likely to be reserved while that of the host is scrapped off.Advertising Looking for research paper on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Secondly, the two cultures may be reserved but this happens when there is a balance between the hosts and the foreigners. In addition, some people are very conservative hence they can’t allow their cultures to be eliminated and thus they will do anything to ensure that their culture is recognized wherever they are located. This poses a greater challenge to counselors. But this depends on how individuals feel about their culture. This is because there are some cultures that are seen to be enslaving people hence when the generation that introduced them dies, those who remain abolish it gradually. For instance, female circumcision among some African communities was a mandatory rite of passage but of late very few people continue to practice it because people are now aware of the dangers that come with it. Multicultural counselors should also understand the differences of gender and sexuality, that is, men and women. Cormier, Nurius and Osborn (2008) explain that this is because both genders respond to situations differently. Furthermore, men and women have different attitudes. These elements are influenced by their genetic composition. Women tend to be emotional hence they are more delicate than men. On the other hand, men are physical and that’s why when a man breaks up with his spouse its easier for him to move on with his life compared to the woman who takes more time to heal the wounds. Besides, counselors should familiarize themselves with clients of various sexual orientations. By doing so, they will be able to provide appropriate advice to their clients irrespective of their gender or sexual orientation. This is because misunderstanding might cause the counselor to apply the wrong procedure towards solving the problem of the client. For instance, the counselor might recommend a strategy that is best suited for men to a female client hence it may not be effective. Additionally, we all know that men and women possess different characteristics. For example, we know that women have mothering ability hence they are the ones who can best monitor their infants than the fathers of their young ones. Prochaska and Norcross (2007) reckons that counselors must appreciate their clients’ sexual orientation regardless of whether they are gay or lesbians hence when they are dealing with such people they must try their best not to show their hatred towards people who are of unacceptable sexual orientation but instead focus on the matter at hand. For example, when a counselor is dealing with a client who is bisexual and is suffering from HIV/AIDS, he/she should not blame the orientation of that client for his sickness but should rather help the client to cope with the stigma that is associated with the ailment in question. Some people are troubled by small issues such as being under the leadership of a woman. This could be due to the fact that women are not supposed to assume leadership as far as the client’s background is concerned. In order to understand issues that are related to gender it would be best if the counselor inquired from the client what her/his community expects from each gender. This implies that the counselor should engage the client in analyzing the roles that are supposed to be played by men. The other most important aspect in multicultural counseling is power analysis. It is a simple method that is used by counselors to enlighten the clients about the powers that are entitled to them and the reasons why they are allowed to exercise the same powers. The power in this case is limited to the client’s life with regard to what they own and what they can’t do. Counselors must learn how to deal with people of different ages. This entails learning how they behave at various ages. This helps the counselor to find out which measures are best suited for teenagers, youths, and the elderly. This is because people have different thoughts at different ages. For instance, teenagers think that their parents are too old hence they perceive them to be outdated and come to realize later in life that their parents were actually right. Moreover, teenagers tend to be rebellious hence when a counselor is making suggestions he/she should be patient with them. The elderly on the other hand are fond of forgetting things very fast hence they have to be reminded frequently. This means that the counselor must be patient with them and also be gradual with them instead of rushing things. Another group of people that is delicate comprises of the disabled. Skovholt (2001) explains that counselors must watch their tongues while conversing with such people because they are easily offended by negative remarks that could be unintentional. People with disabilities don’t like it when they are given special care due to their condition hence when a counselor is assisting such a person he should mention that it’s done to everyone. Besides, counselors must be acquainted wit h the issues that affect the disabled and their families. Religion and spirituality also influences the effectiveness of counseling. The counselors must get used to handling clients from various religions. Religion comprises of believes and faith which are crucial in counseling. Some recommendations that are made by counselors could be against the religion of the client hence there will be a conflict. The counselor should analyze the beliefs of his/her clients before he gives counsel because that way he will establish measures that are suitable to people of a particular religion. When counseling goes against the beliefs of the client, it will make the client feel guilty because to some people religion is so dear to them. When a counselor is dealing with a huge group of people from various backgrounds its important to select those that share the same cultural values and isolate them from those who are extremely different from each other. The counselor should then revisit each clientà ¢â‚¬â„¢s background information to establish the best possible solution. It is also necessary to consider the thoughts of the client in relation to those whom he/she interacts with on a daily basis. The counselor should inform the client that changes are part of life because different people do things differently hence some of the things that are acceptable in their motherland may be unacceptable in the foreign country. Besides, when a counselor is obtaining information from a client who hails from a different culture he/she must ignore the mistakes that may be on the speech of the client such as incorrect grammar. This will make the client to feel at home and thus give more information pertaining to his/her problem (Safran and Muran, 2000). The counselor should allow the client to set the things that are more important and relevant to him/her. The counselor should handle cases differently just as they are brought by different people. Some counselors assume they already know where t here client is headed hence they misinterpret their client’s statement. This is most common in cases where the counselor and the client are from the same background. This generalization and assumption is bad because the situation may not be close to what the counselor thinks. The response of a counselor should not be protective. This means that if the client explains his/her problem the counselor should not make a remark that implies that the problem is not that serious. For instance, if a client expresses how he/she was humiliated in a public gathering just because he is of a different ethnicity, the counselor should not make statements such as â€Å"you will get used to it†. According to Freire (2005), a counselor should never victimize people who belong to a race that is perceived to be hostile to others or criminals even when he himself has encountered their discriminating traits or his relatives. For instance, a black American might feel uncomfortable when dealing with Native Americans when she knows that her father was brutally murdered by a Native American. To deal with this problem a counselor should know that when he/she is offended by someone from a different community it does not mean that everyone from that race is a criminal or something close to that. MCT requires that the counselor should seek to know the cultural background of the client. The counselor should employ an approach that is appropriate. This means that the question about the client’s racial background should be introduced indirectly. This is necessary because some clients don’t like it when someone asks them about their ethnicity because they fear that they will be handled according to their background. This fear is owed to experiences of the client in question. Counselors should encourage their clients to mingle with the people who are of different cultures from others. This will help the diverse people to accept each other and thus live in harmony. The client should be informed that going back to their mother land is the last option hence they should get used to seeing things being done differently as opposed to what they would expect. For counseling to be effective both parties must play their parts well. The client should follow the counsel of the counselor and the counselor must provide the appropriate counsel. There are counselors who go against the ethics of counseling. They do this by sharing information concerning their clients with others. This suggests that such a counselor does not have the interests of his/her clients at heart. Gladding (2009) advises that a good counselor should be honest when dealing with clients. They should not lie to their clients. Lying can mislead clients and when they realize that the person whom they trusted with their problems and secrets is untrustworthy they will look for another reputable counselor. Some counselors lie to their clients even when they know very well that whatever they are sa ying could be dangerous. If a counselor is not sure about something he/she should be sincere while giving advice. Lying occurs when some people want to portray themselves to know everything. A counselor should be caring to his/her clients. A counselor should caution his/her client about the consequences of any affirmative action that the client wishes to take. There are times when clients have fallen victims of dangerous consequences at the hands of their counselors. Such counselors are only interested on the money that they are paid by their clients. A counselor should be flexible such that if the measure he/she recommends to the client does not work he/she should have another strategy ready for implementation. Some counselors are not flexible because they stick to the same strategy for a long time just because it worked for a few clients while it does not work for the rest. There are usually several ways of doing something to achieve the same results. A counselor should have a cle ar objective towards helping the client’s problems. A counselor should overcome the hurdles that arise in the course of helping the client. He/she should consider doing anything possible to assist the client. Sometimes the counselor has to make sacrifices towards the success of his/her client. This means that the client is given the first priority. There are counselors who put money before their clients to an extent they can’t listen to the problems that are being passed across by the client unless money is put on the table. A good counselor should be patient with his/her clients. This means he/she should give the client some time to get used to the measure they intend to implement on the client. A counselor should know that since the problem of the client did not develop in one day it’s not possible to eliminate it in one day. Healing is a gradual process because if it happens abruptly it might cause drawbacks. Diller (2007) argues that a counselor should not s how any sign of weakness even when it seems the situation is getting out of hand. Showing weakness will make the client loose confidence in him/her because the client expects him to offer the necessary support that is needed by the client. It is during such occasions that the counselor should provide warmth to the client which is meant to encourage the client to continue soldiering on. Conclusion Multicultural counseling theory demands a lot of efforts in cultural diversity and thus its limitations overweigh the strengths. This paper has discussed the pros and cons of multicultural counseling with regard to factors the influence the theory. The factors include ethnicity, gender, age, disability, and religion. I essence, a multicultural counselor should have compassion over his/her clients. This aspect goes hand in hand with love for people because without love a counselor cannot make a single sacrifice towards the wellness of his/her client. In addition, the counselor should exercis e caution over sensitive issues that concern his/her clients. He/she should consider the consequences that are most likely to occur when sensitive issues that are highly valued by the client fail to bring the desired results. Therefore, a multicultural counselor should have dealt with many people from diverse cultures for him/her to have broad knowledge of carrying out multicultural counseling. References Cormier, S., Nurius, P. Osborn, J. (2008). Interviewing and Change Strategies for Helpers: Fundamental Skills. Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. Diller, J.V. (2007). Cultural Diversity. 3rd Ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson, Brooks/Cole: Freire, P. (2005). Education for Critical Consciousness. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group. Gladding, S.T. (2009).Counseling: A comprehensive Profession. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. James, K.R. (2008).Crisis Intervention Strategies. Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole. Pedersen, P. (2002).Counseling Across Cultures, London: Sage Inc. Pope-Da vis, B. Coleman, L.H. (2001).The Intersection of Race, Class, and Gender in Multicultural Counseling. California: Sage Learning. Prochaska, J.O. Norcross, J.C. (2007.). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. 6th Ed. Pacific Grove, CA: Thomson Learning. Safran, J.D., Muran, J.C. (2000).Negotiating the Therapeutic Alliance: A relational Treatment Guide. New York: Guilford. Skovholt, T.M, T.M. (2001).The Resilient Practitioner: Burnout Prevention and Self-care Strategies for Counselors, Therapists, and Health Professionals. Boston: Allyn Bacon. This research paper on Multicultural Counseling Theory was written and submitted by user Kimberly Whitley to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Globalization and international joint ventures Essay Example

Globalization and international joint ventures Essay Example Globalization and international joint ventures Paper Globalization and international joint ventures Paper Globalization of businesses and companies are fast growing particularly through international joint ventures in order to take advantage of opportunities in the world market. Thus, IJVs proliferated globally. In this study, the IJVs in the oil and gas industry in Russia would be a good case to evaluate in terms of its implications to economic theories of development as well as considering the strategic importance of Russian oil and gas in the present as well as in the future of the world economy. A strategic alliance is defined as a partnership â€Å"between two or more firms which decide they can better pursue their mutual goals by combining their resources – financial, managerial, technological – as well as their existing distinctive competitive advantages† (Blanchard, 2006, p. 7-3). On the other hand, global strategic alliances involve partnerships between two or more companies located across national boundaries and increasingly across industries. Global strategic alliances may also be formed between a company and a foreign government, or among companies and governments (Blanchard, 2006). A joint venture (JV) thus is a strategic alliance between two or more companies, while an international joint venture (IJV) involves a global strategic alliance between organizations. JVs involve the creation of an independent company by the two or more parent organizations who are the parties to the business agreement. These JVs may be one of two types: Equity strategic alliances, wherein two or more partners have different relative ownership shares (equity percentages) in the new venture. For instance, in a JV involved three parent companies, one may have 50% equity, while the remaining two may have 25% equity each. : These are also called equity joint ventures. Non-equity strategic alliances, wherein agreements are carried out through contract rather than ownership sharing. These are also called contractual joint ventures. Makino and Beamish (1998) identified four distinct forms of IJVs based on the IJV partners’ nationality and equity affiliation. These four types are: 1) IJVs that are formed between affiliated home-country based firms; 2) IJVs that are formed between unaffiliated home-country based firms; 3) IJVs that are formed between home-country based and local firms; and 4) IJVs that are formed between home-country and third-country based firms. Each of these different IJV forms differ in terms of incidence, performance, and likelihood for survival (Makino Beamish, 1998). In his research presentation, Blanchard (2006) outlines the following motivations for global strategic alliances, as executed through IJVs: To avoid import barriers, licensing requirements, and other protectionist legislation. To share the costs and risks of the research and development of new products and processes. To gain access to specific markets. To reduce political risk while making inroads into a new market. To gain rapid entry into a new or consolidating industry and to take advantage of synergies. Blanchard (2006) presents four significant challenges in implementing global alliances. First, while alliances present a faster and less risky route to globalization, in a highly competitive environment however, it is extremely complex to fashion out global linkages especially where many interconnecting systems are involved. These interconnecting systems form intricate networks, and many alliances fail or end up in a takeover in which one partner swallows the other. Second, usually the form of governance chosen for multinational firm alliances greatly influences their success, particularly in technologically-intense fields such as computers, pharmaceuticals, and semiconductors. Cross-border partnerships often become a sort of â€Å"race to learn† wherein the faster learner later ends up dominating the alliance and practically rewriting its terms. In a real sense, an alliance may actually emerge as a new form of competition between the parent organizations involved (Blanchard, 2006). Third, cross-border allies often encounter difficulty in collaborating effectively, especially in competitively sensitive areas. This breeds mistrust and secrecy, which undermines the very purpose of the alliance. The difficulty that these organizations deal with is the dual nature of strategic alliances – the benefits of cooperation versus the dangers of introducing new competition through sharing their knowledge and technological skills about their mutual product or manufacturing process (Blanchard, 2006).

Letter of intent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Letter of intent - Essay Example Overtime, when I joined my college level, I came across a certain book in the school library known as ‘Guide to Nursing Management and Leadership’ by Marriner-Tomey. This book motivated me because I leant varied strategies for advancing nursing leadership and management skills. The book also inspired me because it revealed practical management practices for a range of workplace issues including diversity, stress management and evidence-based practices in the health care settings. My education experience in nursing field has enabled me to not only acquire significant nursing skills but also understand the needs of patients in the society. I graduated with an Associate degree in nursing, in 1991 from the university. While at the university, one of my professors, who were guiding us in laboratory activities, became my greatest mentor in nursing field. Besides, I have done several research projects and the internship activities especially handling patients with minor issues and helping nurses in hospital. Thus, the internship greatly influenced my career because the opportunity taught me the significance of teamwork, building mutual rapport with others, listening carefully and communicating effectively with patients, as well, as my co-workers. I believe that with my strong research projects on nursing field and ability to communicate effectively will make me well suited to pursue my dreams in nursing education track. I am obliged to utilize my talents in constructive manner that will benefit the society. Thus, the nursing education track will offer me an opportunity to express my talents while benefiting the society. I will be graduating this May with a Bachelors degree in Nursing. Therefore, I believe that by pursuing masters of Science in nursing education track, I will advance management for profession nursing practice and prepare for effective patient-centered health care delivery. I am obliged to achieve

Research Projects Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research Projects - Essay Example As the fall season came and went, however, the Affordable Care Act and the budget debacle in Congress fuelled interest afresh in the agenda-setting and editorial slant of Fox News and strengthened its place at the top of the cable news ratings (Bibel, 2013; Mirkinson, 2013). The operative question then remains: why is Fox News successful despite resisting an allegedly popular presidency and the liberal ethos of the bicoastal giants in media? Within the constraints of this very short paper, we discuss the theory of agenda-setting and how Fox News maintains its solitary stance but leads its segment of cable news. II. Literature Review We discuss here the theories behind framing, agenda-setting and priming as they impinge on political communication generally and, in particular, the ideology that stoutly characterizes coverage in the cable news channels Fox News and MSNBC. This means we are in the realm of cognitive communication and campaign effects, i.e. framing, agenda setting and pri ming. We also touch on the audience appeal of this ideology. Political and communications research has undergone at least three major paradigm shifts since the post-newspaper era early in the last century. The â€Å"magic bullet† or hypodermic theory was much in vogue from the 1920s to the 1940s. Agenda-setting came into the limelight around 1972. Starting around 1989, the propaganda model offshoots of framing and agenda setting became even more specifically applicable to a polarized US media scene. The propaganda model revolves around the multiple facets of control by conglomerates that generally serve their own commercial interests. The news agenda is shaped by five filters that include: multiple ownership, advertising, liberal bias versus conservative ideology, anti-Communism, and catering to audience apprehensions. Early in the century, to return to the seminal background of media effects, the Frankfurt School of largely Jewish theorists proposed the â€Å"Bullet† or â€Å"Hypodermic Needle Theory† as a reaction to their observations of how Hitler and Goebbels in Nazi Germany had apparently mesmerized the entire German people. In this model, the audience had no ideas of their own and passively absorbed whatever communications were launched at them. In essence, the theory was over-impressed by the power and pervasiveness of radio, cinema, television and advertising; mass media was regarded as having a direct, immediate and powerful effect on mass audiences. Since audiences supposedly did not know any better, they absorbed and agreed with any messages they heard. Empirical experience soon showed that audience and market segmentation were entirely possible because listeners and viewers did have thoughts of their own. During the 1940 Presidential election, the Two-Step Flow Theory was conceptualized to admit the possibility that interpersonal relationships were just as powerful or persuasive as anything carried by the mass media. As to the two other communication paradigms, Scheufele and Tewksbury (2007) maintain that priming is an offshoot of agenda setting. Theoretical work in the 1970s and 1980s suggested that one reason agenda-setting worked to make certain issues and personalities more prominent was that mass media had primed the audience to â€Å"prioritize specific issues as benchmarks for evaluating the

Alternative marketing strategies to increase market share

Alternative marketing strategies to increase market share The aim and objective of this report is to provide recommendations on ways for Natural Way Products to increase the brands market share. Based on NWPs current market share status the most effective strategies to implement incorporate a mix of market penetration and market development strategies. It is recommended that NWP maintain their current reputation in their current market as its a vital part and one of the businesses main strengths to their ongoing business. Recommendations for implementing the market penetration and market development strategies involve focusing on customer relationship management, looking for potential alliances with businesses already in the national market, using alternative media channels and look at product promotion via their current online distribution channels while tailoring the marketing campaigns to each target segment. NWP is a small, independently owned New Zealand company currently holding an estimated 10% market share in New Zealand aiming to achieve a 15% share within the next five years, and expand sales to the South Island and Australian market. The purpose and objectives of this report is to identify different market growth strategies and advise Jacqui Thompson of Natural Way Products (NWP) recommendations in order to achieve a greater market share in the New Zealand natural skincare market. This report outlines the recommended solutions for Jacqui to implement in order to achieve the companies objectives. These recommendations focus on how NWP can strive to achieve the desired growth in market share specifically using the market penetration and market development strategies using geographic expansion methods and product promotion. It is assumed that NWP have available funds to allocate to the marketing strategies recommended. With restricted access to current customer market feedback it is assumed that the points of difference stated by Jacqui are correct and therefore hold the advantage over competitors offerings. It is also assumed that the market share estimate is correct and current and that the brand Zaras is a reputable brand. 2. DISCUSSION Natural Way Products situation analysis: 2.1 Strengths: Successful established and reputable brand name and product line Current 10% market share Current experience, knowledge and resources already in place Quality and reliable products Uses some locally grown and entirely natural herbal ingredients Offers different channels of distribution through online sales and retail outlets. 2.2 Weaknesses: Currently limited to small market segment offering slower growth potential Products made in small batches risk with the more produced the less attention given as demand increases. 2.3 Opportunities: Create additional services to competitors by enhancing current features of online system Influential media awareness focus on natural-based products Look for low cost opportunities and ones that leverage current capabilities Product variants provide opportunity of selling more to the same market Opportunity for growth in new locations and underrepresented geographic markets Marketing costs are less in this digital age and easier to implement Partnerships or alliances with other businesses 2.4 Threats: Risk of retaliation from larger competitors Impact of global economy and environment on local business Little scope for using existing expertise if trying to sell completely different products or services to different customers Effect of increased market share on actual and perceived quality Alternative strategies for growth in market share: 2.5 Market Penetration NWP could gain additional market share with its current products and current markets by encouraging customers to purchase more. They would be able to utilise current experience, knowledge and resources making growth in existing product markets more cost effective and less of a risk. NWP could further advertise their products leaning on their points of difference from competitors offerings in order to encourage more customers in their existing market to use their product, or current customers to use more of it. NWP could do this by launching special promotions and offerings (Boaz, 2006, p.212); increase sales representatives; expand to department stores; and introduce a loyalty scheme to entice customers into the market. With the forever increasing use of online marketing NWP could use customised marketing through their current client database and focus on expanding the services provided through their online ordering tools. With extra features and additional offers that create a competitive advantage such as same day delivery, free gift wrapping service or free delivery; or discounted online offers. It has been argued by Gorton (2007, p.37) that maintaining the client database using customer relationship management is also important and could be used by NWP to create custom reminder responses based on previous buying patterns and as reminders on special occasions. NWPs current reputation is one of the most important assets they have. Market penetration will be a useful strategy for NWP, while maintaining expertise and experience in a market already well known to the company they are at less risk and losing reputation and upsetting product quality and service delivery. The downside to using this strategy is that this limits market share growth to current markets offering slower growth potential as opposed to developing products in new markets. 2.6 Market Development NWP should consider domestic geographic expansion as a way to improve sales volume and share position. Changing from a regional operation to a national operation (Walker, Orville C. Jr Mullins, John W. , c2011, p.251) could be best implemented by NWP through an alliance with a business already in the market and also assist in stronger buying power from suppliers. This move does create a risk of retaliation from larger national competition as well as from current regional competitors. NWP could look at targeting non-users who would be interested in using the products through advertising and media channels or offering free samples to first time users. By marketing to potential customers and making them aware of the products NWP could invest in television, internet and magazine advertising, for example in womens health magazines, or during prime television slots in which the target market are known to be viewers. Focusing on media advertising as shown by Boaz (2006, p.209) does run the risk of being costly and ineffective if not advertised correctly. NWP already offer two channels of distribution but could look at further promotion through online sales and expanding the reach of current retail stores in which their products are sold. NWP should look to open up alternative distribution channels such as direct marketing using a sales team; introducing products into department stores under another brand name, and expanding the number of retail outlets. NWP could also target different age groups of women by tailoring the advertising campaign and packaging to appeal more to each market segment. The same expertise currently used in the company can be applied with ease to the new segment therefore reducing cost and risk. Expanding products into further market segments will be an effective strategy for NWP, using geographic expansion, their current distribution channels, and further advertising. It is also recommended (Snyder, Tom Burns, Brian, 2010, p.173) that a potential alliance with major customers or with other national like-minded businesses is likely to be successful in achieving growth in market share. 2.7 Product development With 15 years of business and products already proving to be successful NWP could introduce more products to the market under their recognised brand name Zaras. Ideally NWP would need to offer a new product not currently offered by competitors and could make this offering more attractive than competitors by providing initial discount offers for first time users and then continuing at full price once theyve obtained repeat business. NWP would benefit from using their existing customer database to find out their preferences and to gain feedback for potential new products. If using this strategy NWP would benefit from integrating current users into the innovation process by asking for new product ideas from them and pursuing the most popular of those ideas. NWP could also look at packaging existing products in new ways to appeal more to the current target market. Or try promoting the current product in department or retail stores under an alternative brand name. Unless risk management is closely monitored this could be an ineffective strategy for NWP (Leithhead, 2011, para.3). Managing the risk involved in product development could put pressure on NWP as resources would need to be reallocated to the development of the new product. Product development could be costly and unrewarding for NWP. If resources are stretched to develop new products the quality of their existing offerings could suffer. Identifying critical resource limitations, recognises Gorton (2007, p.27), is essential to avoid a negative impact on the quality of current product lines. 2.8 Diversification Diversifying the current product range could help reduce NWPs overall business risk through offering products in different customer categories. NWP already have an established brand name under the name Zaras giving an advantage should the new product or target markets be unsuccessful NWPs other product lines are unlikely to be affected. Zaras would help in leveraging new products belonging to the same brand and help the company to spread their customer base while also helping the company develop its product portfolio through introduction of complimenting products in the market (Keller, Philip Kotler, Kevin Lane, 2009, p.28). NWP could introduce a diverse pricing strategy with lower quality, cheaper to produce products; however this would be going against the core values of the company which is not advisable. The huge risk with this strategy for NWP is there is often little scope for using existing expertise as it involves selling completely different products to a completely different market. This would make NWP vulnerable to a major reaction from competitors as they attempt to enter into other markets with products that could affect competition. Diversification strategy is similar to starting an entirely new business (Holden, Philip R., Wilde, Nick, 2007, p.75) also involving high risk and is not recommended for NWPs growth strategy at this time. 3. CONCLUSIONS Attempting to increase usage among current customers is less threatening to a competitor which avoids bigger competitor responses. The downside to using market penetration is that it limits market share growth to current markets offering slower growth potential as opposed to developing products in new markets. Using market development in similar segments the company can apply current expertise with ease to the new segment therefore reducing cost and risk. Domestic geographic expansion is an effective way to improve market share. Increasing use of online marketing makes a focus on expanding the services provided through current online ordering tools a useful avenue for growth in market share. An effective way of targeting non-users is through further advertising and media channels or offering samples of the products for first time users. NWP should consider the effect of increased market share on actual and perceived quality before pursuing increased market share too many customers can strain the firms resources, hurting product value and service delivery. Unless risk management is closely monitored product development and diversification could be ineffective strategies for NWP. Introduction of a diversified pricing strategy with lower quality, cheaper to produce products is an option for different markets and potential market growth; however this would be going against the core values of the company which is not advisable. Managing the risk involved in product development could put pressure on the companys resources. 4. RECOMMENDATIONS Inform current and valued clients of continuous delivery quality and services provided to build further customer satisfaction and maintain customer loyalty. Focus on developing products in new markets. Create/amend marketing budget to determine affordability of marketing techniques for tailored campaign targeting a younger/older generation specific to appeal to each target segment. Contact potential partners and retail outlets in the South Island and Australian markets for geographic market expansion. Create/amend marketing budget to determine affordability of marketing techniques for enhancements on NWP online ordering system with extra features and additional offers. Contact media channels such as womens health magazines and other media and advertising channels. Advertise offering samples of products either in-store or by online ordering in order to target non-users within the target market. Ensure NWPs increase in product sales will not impact firms resources through reallocation and reviewing of quality product and service delivery. Employ management to maintain specific target markets. Employ risk management specialist management and implement risk management plan to monitor changes in market and customer satisfaction. Focus existing expertise on market development and market penetration strategies.