Down Syndrome Concerns Essay - 915 Words

Down syndrome Concerns It has been stated time and time again that Ms. Gens is a woman of 40. Research has been performed that shows that older mothers are more likely to have reproductive cells that have an extra copy of the chromosome 21 (Grinshpun†Cohen, Miron†Shatz, Ries†Levavi, Pras, 2015). Because of this factor, it is very well that Ms. Gens contributed to the Down syndrome. She could have been tested prior to the birth of the baby so that she could have been made aware. Since medical guidelines have changed in the last decade, the testing for Down syndrome is now available to all expectant mothers. This means that Ms. Gens should have been advised of this upon initially deciding to get pregnant. If she were to have known that†¦show more content†¦Adequate Testing Prior to the birth of the child, an amniocentesis can be performed to determine certain aspects of the baby’s health. A sample of the amniotic fluid is gathered from around the baby . This test is commonly performed so that it can be discovered if the child has any type of disorder or abnormality. It is commonly used to see if the baby will be born with Down syndrome. This way the parents are prepared once the baby is born. A fine needle is inserted to extract the fluid with the use of an ultrasound. The amniocentesis is able to detect several hundred genetic diseases and chromosomal disorders. It can also determine any neural tube defects that may be present. It is not able to specify the severity of any of the illnesses that may show as being present. Testing of this nature can increase the threat of miscarriage. This does not mean that it will occur, but rather than it can occur. Ms. Gens should have been educated on this testing since she is at the age range where disorders are more prevalent in births. She could have been told what it entails and to determine if she would like to proceed. If she decided against the testing, then she is assuming the risk wh ich means that she is prepared for what is going to transpire after the baby is born. While an amniocentesis is able to determine paternity, it is not yet able to determine race. However, that shouldShow MoreRelatedOverview of the National Association for Down Syndrome1275 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿National Association for Down Syndrome The National Association for Down Syndrome is governed much like a traditional corporation, with a board of directors and staff members, although it is a nonprofit. NADS is the oldest organization in the country serving individuals with Down syndrome and their families.  It was founded in Chicago in 1961 by parents who chose to go against medical advice and raised their children with Down syndrome at home (About NADS, 2012, NADS). From its inception, NADSRead MoreLife Is A Precious Thing Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesthere are perceived risks to the baby, bringing that life into the world brings more questions than answers. It no longer is a debate between the rights of the women and the rights of the fetus but brings deeper ethical issues into question. This essay will take a look at one such situation, how some core Christian worldview beliefs are relevant to the case, and how a Christian would resolve this issue; as well as look at both consequences and benefits of the re solution, and an alternative. EthicalRead MoreEssay on Understanding Persons with Intellectual Disabilities1518 Words   |  7 Pagesstudents have intellectual disabilities and 40 percent of the students are with multiple disabilities. In the 2007 through 2008 school year 56 percent autism students graduated with a regular high school diploma (Lewis, 2011). Therefore, in this essay the definition, characteristics, and causes of intellectual disability, traumatic brain injury, autism, severe disabilities, and deaf-blindness will be discussed. The first definition, characteristic and cause discussed are intellectual disabilityRead MorePregnancy: Is It for All Ages? Essay1551 Words   |  7 Pagesown personal reasons, such as careers and money. According to the Journal of Clinical Nursing by Loke Poon (2010)- both professionals in the medical field- state â€Å"[t]he growing proportion of first births to advanced age women is a public health concern,† and â€Å"†¦there are controversial views as whether advanced age pregnancy renders women more prone to pregnancy complications and adverse outcomes† (p. 1142). This statement provides credibility behind the fact that there are many risks developed duringRead MoreLala Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesHow does Haddon’s portrayal of the relationship between Christopher and his world move us to a deeper understanding of acceptance? In your response make a detailed reference to your prescribed text. Break down Portrayal - how it is shown Relationship between Christopher and his world - how Christopher interacts with him world; his perceptions of people and the world and how we as the reader realise the world perceives him Acceptance - acceptance of Christopher and in a broaderRead MoreThe Go Pro Is Like Brownie And The Polaroid963 Words   |  4 PagesWhen I think about my brain, I compare it to a television set, a computer, or a camera. It can replay, slow down, show me things, and even retain information whenever it wants to. It s available to me if I need to input information like an computer I can. I can reminisce or daydream at any given time day or night just as if I was a camera, taking pictures. Our brain can capture and freeze and hold that thought or memory forever. Just like a computer or a camera. For instance, Nick Paumgarten aRead MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 Pagescan lead to many severe abnormalities in the growing fetus. More specifically, a disorder that will be explored in this essay is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Since the alcohol is consumed in such a developing stage of the fetus, it can potentially cause many different complications in the unborn child. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome could easily be prevented with more awareness to the issue and its defining characteristics, how it affects the fetus duringRead MoreMean World1027 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Mean World Syndrome† Everyone is influenced and shaped by society. Society affects our perceptions, our consciousness, and our actions. A majority of the influence, especially on the younger demographic comes through the media; specifically through television. It is important to examine how violence in the media develops a pervasive cultural environment that cultivates a heightened state of insecurity, exaggerated perceptions of risk and danger, and a fear-driven propensity for hard-line politicalRead MoreCritical Incident In Social Work1618 Words   |  7 Pageshigh standards of value. This essay will highlight an incidence in a supported accommodation setting where issues of diversity, ethics, and values were clearly observed. The incident will be critically analysed using a critical incident analysis pro – forma and incorporate it with the PCS model perspective. Furthermore, The PCF, HCPC and BASW codes of ethics will also be looked at in relation to social work practices and aspects of divers ity, ethics and value. 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Does Pineapple Make Oral Sex Taste Better

The effect that pineapple has on oral sex depends on how often you eat pineapple, the impact of other foods in your diet, your overall health, and other factors. In general, eating fruit causes bodily secretions to taste sweeter. Anecdotal evidence and a few small studies indicate that pineapple might have the biggest effect. Its no surprise that what you eat affects the way you taste. After all, the feed given to animals affects the flavor of the meat. Therefore, it makes sense that what you eat affects how you taste, particularly your bodily secretions, including seminal and vaginal fluids. There are a few studies on the topic and numerous blog posts sharing personal experiments. Two small studies include the pineapple sex test, conducted at porkandgin.com, and a review of online data from the Kinsey Institute. The limited data finds that male ejaculate and female vaginal secretions are affected by pineapple. It doesnt seem to matter whether the pineapple is fresh, canned, or juiced. The effect isnt noticeable immediately after eating a few bites of pineapple. Most respondents saw a definite effect after eating pineapple for several days. The impact relates in part to the way ​food affects mucus production and composition. Chemicals in foods you eat are found in most secretions, including perspiration and breast milk as well as semen and vaginal fluid. Key Takeaways: Pineapple and Oral Sex The foods you eat affect the taste of bodily secretions, so they can have an effect on oral sex.Research indicates eating pineapple may make secretions taste sweeter.Other foods also influence body chemistry, including scent and flavor. Foods That Might Make You Taste Sweeter (or Not) In addition to pineapple, other foods reputedly change your body chemistry enough to alter the flavor of semen and vaginal fluid. These tend to be foods high in acidity or sugars and include: WaterLiqueurs (but not so much alcohol as to cause dehydration)PineappleDried fruitFresh berriesKiwi Foods high in chlorophyll (wheatgrass, celery, parsley) got mixed reviews. Several websites recommended them, but they didnt cite their sources, and none of the bloggers who tested them detected much effect.  Another key factor is your hydration level.   Just as some foods might make you taste better, others might have a negative impact, increasing bitterness. You and your partner might wish to limit: SmokingCoffeeBroccoli, cauliflower, asparagus, and other Brassica sp.High levels of preservatives in foodsCertain drugs (specifics were not given)Onions, garlic, and other Allium sp.  (believed to be related to sulfur compounds) There were mixed reviews concerning fish, red meat, dairy, and beer. Anecdotally, it would appear that eating meat is not a negative factor, as long as a persons diet regularly includes fresh fruits and vegetables. Foods That Affect How You Perceive Flavor Your perception of flavor relies on chemoreceptors. Compounds in the foods you eat not only affect your secretions and chemical composition but your ability to taste chemicals. The enzyme bromelain in pineapples is a protease that literally dissolves proteins in your mouth, causing a prickly sensation and limiting your ability to perceive flavors. The miracle berry (Synsepalum dulcificum) makes sour foods taste sweet. The berry contains a glycoprotein named miraculin that binds to receptors on taste buds. Sour foods are acidic, so they lower the pH inside the mouth. At low pH, miraculin activates sweet receptors. The effect lasts until saliva rinses away the protein, which takes about half an hour. Sodium lauryl ether sulfate and sodium lauryl sulfate are  surfactants in toothpaste that lower surface tension of fluid inside your mouth. This is great when youre brushing away bacteria, but the surfactants also wash away phospholipids that coat your tongue. The result explains why orange juice tastes vile if you drink it right after brushing your teeth. Incidentally, youd get the same effect if you washed your mouth out with soap containing these common ingredients. Artichoke, on the other hand, makes food taste sweeter. This results from a chemical reaction with the cynarine and chlorogenic acid in the plant. Cynarine inhibits your ability to taste sweet flavors, but the chemical is displaced by the next food you eat, automatically making it taste sweet. If you want to conduct your own experiment, review the scientific method and do it right!

The Depth In Agnes Martin Free Essays

Simple, subdued, serene – will be the adventurous description of the various insights on the totality of what Agnes Martin shared with the world of art.   Simple, subdued, serene – will also be the summarized description of what Agnes Martin’s many critics say of her work.   And, simple, subdued, serene – will be the captive element of what the reviews said of the Agnes Martin documentary â€Å"With My Back to the World†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Depth In Agnes Martin or any similar topic only for you Order Now Treading from abstract expressionism to minimalism, all of Agnes Martin’s life, works and story – as captured in â€Å"With My Back to the World; and, as per the perspective of its director, Mary Lance; and, as per all the insights, critiques, reviews and commentaries – are but a symphony of illustrations and expressions as to how the delightful artist treated, educated and revealed to the world the mystique of life. Unanimously acknowledging the preferred solitude and reclusion of the great artist, they recognized Agnes Martin to have nevertheless proven the presence of soulfulness and intensity in her chosen art form, despite of living in silence. The interesting fact though is that in the profundity of her silence vis-à  -vis the silence of her profundity, Agnes Martin allowed Mary Lance to interview her and shoot the documentary film while Agnes Martin is working and right there in her New Mexico studio. Together with the documentary â€Å"With My Back to the World†; together with all her works; together with the designation of ARTnews Magazine in 2002 as one of the world’s top ten livings artists – the lines and hues of Agnes Martin therefore became the canopy from where we view the spirit of Taosim that inspired her as she reveal her creativity and philosophy. AGNES MARTIN – HER LIFE TO THE BEHOLDER: Born on March 22, 1912 in Makin, Saskatchewan, Canada – Agnes Martin nevertheless grew up in Vancouver, British Columbia.   They were four siblings in the family, but her father died when she was only 2 years old.   From thenon, Agnes’ mother steadfastly stood by her resolve to raise her brood by her self.   Such aura of strength and independence etched in the mind of the growing Agnes. In 1931 she moved to the United States and attended The Western Washington College of Education in Bellingham; the Teachers College of the Columbia University in New York and the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque.   She has earned her Bachelors degree in 1942 and her Masters Degree in 1952.   She acquired her American citizenship in 1950. She was an art teacher in University of New Mexico and other public schools in Washington and Delaware from 1947 to 1948 and in Eastern Oregon College in 1952 to 1953.   With the paintings Agnes Martin accumulated, Betty Parsons Gallery offered to handle her work if she moves to New York City. It was in 1958 that Agnes Martin was given her first solo exhibition in the said gallery.   It was a period when abstract expressionism is at its height as an art form and likewise the seeming dawn of minimalism is soon going to be witnessed. In the Coenties Slip in Lower Manhattan where she lived, Agnes Martin huddled with artists like Ellsworth Kelly, Robert Indiana, Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Jack Youngerman. Agnes Martin, took a break from painting from 1967 to 1974 as she ventured into filmmaking.   It was in 1976 that she produced the film â€Å"Gabriel†.  Ã‚   The subject of the film is a boy who incessantly went to explore the world in his own quiet ways. Thereafter she resumed her painting wherein her exhibitions were held various museums in the succeeding years, like – in the Institute of Contemporary Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Pace Gallery, New York; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam; Whitney Museum of American Art, New York; the Harwood Museum of Art at the University of New Mexico.   There are also other international art galleries that have invited and showcased the works of Agnes Martin. Agnes Martin was inducted in 1989 as a member of the American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters in New York.   She received the Gold Lion Award at the Venice Biennale in 1997 for her lifetime achievement and contribution in contemporary art.   The National Endowment for Arts granted in 1998 to Agnes Martin the National Medal of Arts. In 1997, the highlight of her achievement was the establishment of the Agnes Martin Gallery in New Mexico, where her work is showcased.   Otherwise, Sotheby and other auction houses do trade in great value the works of this great, enigmatic artist. AGNES MARTIN – HER WORKS TO THE CONNOISSEUR: Among buyers, users, collectors, critiques – all connoisseurs discern and judge in a balanced mix of subjectivity, relativity, objectivity and economics.   Value for value there is thin line in visual arts that does not only rest on what is seen – there must be something â€Å"beyond†. The utter simplicity and directness of the creation of Agnes Martin, within the perfection of horizontal and vertical lines in her grids and as per the hues she applied with her own brand of discernment, have all been acknowledged as very expressive and moving. â€Å"The Taos artist’s grids, some of them traced in lines of graphite, so faint they seem to be emerging from or disappearing into a mist†¦..Martin’s†¦.[is] an art of invisibility.   It’s tempting to ready a ‘beyond’ into them†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lee, 1998) You therefore view the work with great challenge and enthusiasm.   You have to really get close to the painting.   You dissect every pattern and color.   You try to find the hints and clues.   You feel mystified.   You search for the meaning. It is because Agnes Martin invites a â€Å"relationship† with the viewer of her art.   She wants a direct and distinctive communication between her art and her viewer.   Then, you will see the beauty, the finesse, the simplicity of just the perfect, varied lines.   â€Å"†¦.what they give back in their simplicity and richness, is indescribably moving.†Ã‚   (Lee, 1998) Agnes Martin’s painting convinces that there is a palpable person and a palpable thought that is put into the work.   Subtly, there are little and misty wobbles and breaks in the hues and lines – they tease and try to see if you are paying attention to details. The purpose of imperfection is to achieve perfection.   It challenges perception of what is between and/or the difference between real and ideal. Indeed her works produced in a span of 60 odd years is visionary and timeless.   Despite the temperament of her artistic times that traversed between minimalism to abstract expressionism, Agnes Martin humbly demurs from being classified as a spearhead, neither the bridge between the two art forms. The transition in the art form of Agnes Martin is akin to her transition in learning and knowing and realizing everything about her and her surroundings and the society she lived with. Even in the eventual solitude she chose, Agnes Martin is still conscious of what being in a community of man is all about.   Her earlier ventures were in still life and portrait painting.   Therefore, she went along the tide of the prevailing abstract expressionism in the 1940’s to the early 1950’s. How to cite The Depth In Agnes Martin, Papers

Underachievement of the Nursing Student-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the application of different learning theory to promote effective learning process. Answer: Introduction: Effective mentorship during prequalified nursing education is considered very important because nursing students spend half of their course in clinical practice. In such situation, it is essential that rich clinical experience is provided to nursing students that supports their ongoing development and learning. It can be summed up by saying that effective mentorship is critical for the development of required clinical competencies in nursing students. Students who find an effective mentor before their placement finds the mentoring support as invaluable for their professional skill development. While a student attempts to learn new nursing skills and interventions, the mentor acts as a gatekeeper to monitor whether expectations in particular task is met by them or not. The supervising mentor guides a failing student to the right direction by summative assessment of their learning and implementation of alternative learning process to improve their practice (Myall et al., 2008). This es say explores the whole process of mentoring and their role in learning, teaching and assessment of students through the discussion on an experience of mentorship with an underachieving student. The essay takes the discussion further by describing the underachievement of the nursing student and identifying the behaviors or action leading to underachievement. Furthermore, the assessment of the student is done through the comparison with different learning styles and using them to teach and improve existing skill of students. The essay also focuses on the application of different learning theory to promote effective learning process. Finally, the essay also provides a reflection on key learning from the experience as a mentor to improve nursing skills of an underachieving student. Discussion on underachieving student For a nursing mentor, managing and supporting a nursing student who is failing to meet the standards and proficiencies mentioned by NMC (National Midwifery Council) for registration is the most challenging task. The NMC outlines different competency standards for different practice areas such as adult nursing, mental health nursing, childrens nursing and learning disabilities nursing. The NMC also makes it mandatory for all mentors to support and assess learning of a student on pre-registration nursing education programme (Nursing Midwifery Council 2017). Therefore, mentors work with prequalifying nursing students to support, supervise and teach them in the application of theory to practice. However, when a student does not perform at the expected level, the mentoring role becomes difficult. Once such challenging mentoring experience was seen when a second year nursing student came to a mentor for a 5 week placement. The main reason for which she was sent to the mentor was that she was inefficient in administering medications correctly. In her last placement, she was found to make serious error in this area and due to this underacheivement, she was placed under a mentor. She had made many mistakes in last placement as she gave the wrong dose of medication to a patient which lead to adverse drug event. Considering the underachievement of student in medicine administration, the mentors role in supporting the student to achieve this competency is important. This is because nurses are the most involved in the medicine administration phase and they play a vital role in the medication process. A small mistake by them can also cost the lives of patient. Wrong dose related error is mostly made by nurse due to complex dosage regimen particularly in the specialty area of ICU, emergency department and intervention area (Smeulers et al., 2015). The common reasons reported by nurses for this kind of error are name confusion, inappropriate drug labeling, miscommunication and knowledge deficits (Feleke, Mulatu, Yesmaw, 2015). Hence, as a mentor, it is very important for them to identify, intercept and correct errors of the nursing student in placement. The first step for mentor is to identify the underachieving learner. The mentor can do this by reviewing the previous placement record of the nursing student. This can help to formulate strategy for support and guidance (Melnyk et al., 2014). While trying to assess the behavior of the underachieving learner, the most common problem reported by mentors was that nursing students could not apply theoretical knowledge to nursing practice. In the scenario of the nursing student, she also faced the same problem. She also had attitude because she felt very nervous and displayed very high level of anxiety during clinical actions. Another major issue with her was that she had poor interpersonal skill which increased the likelihood of making medication error. During the observation, the student was found to display high level of anxiety during medicine administration. The students behavior is common to other underachieving learner. Rooke, (2014) showed that underachieving learners in nursing p ractice display diverse range of behaviors like reluctant to ask questions, unenthusiastic attitude, high level of anxiety, inconsistent performance, lack of theory to support learning, lack of response insight, poor judgment and poor professional behavior and development. In this situation, the mentor plays a major role in improving the knowledge, skills and professional attitude required for professional nursing practice. Assessment of student and learning style: To address the shortcoming of the nursing student in medicine administration, the first critical step for the mentor will be to establish a unique relationship with the learner. A mentor is defined as an individual who manage the potential of a learner, develop their skills and help them achieve their professional goals (Bray Nettleton, 2007). As part of student-mentor relationship, the role of mentor is to judge the quality of the underachieved student through assessment process. The progress of learner is dependent on unbiased assessment decisions. Maran Pera, (2015) also mentions that relationship is the heart of effective mentoring and giving constructive and developmental feedback is the fundamental part of professional mentoring relationship. The following are the important element of effective mentor-student relationship: Open communication with learner Identifying goals and challenges Passion and inspiration Developing caring relationship, mutual respect and trust Exchange of knowledge Independence and collaboration (Eller, Lev, Feurer, 2014) Hence, the process starts with open communication with learner and assessment of their unique learning style. Secondly, this is followed by teaching and learning phase in which passion, inspiration and exchange of knowledge occurs. Foster, Ooms Marks-Maran, (2015) mentions that for students, teaching and knowledge exchange is the most valued behavior for them in the student-mentor relationship. Mentors also work to address the attitude related problem of learners. For instance, they can motivate students to learn by arousing their curiosity level. They always try to correct their clinical action by explaining the relevance of the action for achieving adesired goal. The most important point that must be instilled in unachieved students mind is that they must also have the confidence that they can learn anything and achieve satisfactory results. Developing anxiety and lack of confidence is a negative trait for learners. In the context of the nursing student with underachievement in medications administration, her skill and professional development can be planned by mentors by proper assessment strategy. Proper assessment and accountability will only foster professional growth, personal development and nursing competency of the student (Moran Banks, 2016). Learning style is one of the major factor that influence learning and identifying the preferred learning style of student is important to align the teaching and learning strategies according to the preferred learning style of students. It promotes retention of information and promotes learning too (Leidenfrost et al., 2014). In case of the underachieved student, the mentor can identify her learning style via the VAK questionnaire. The VAK questionnaire is based on the visual-auditory-kinesthetic learning styles model. It is a simple and easily tool that helps mentor to identify preferred learning styles of students and plan specific teaching plan and learning strategies that matches students preference (Thakur, Vij, Shri, 2017). The VAK learning style model defines three types of learning styles. Visual learners are those who learn best from visual displays and taking notes. They always try to observes things through display, demonstrations, handout and displays. The second learning style is the auditory learning style that involves retention of information through spoken words or sounds. Such learners pays interest to lectures, classroom discussion and role plays. Another learning style is the kinesthetic learning style by which learners learn through physical and practical hands-on experience. This types of learners are explorers who actively participates in activities (Gholami Bagheri, 2013). The VAK questionnaire helps to identify learning styles by answering 30 questions. The score obtained from the response determines the main preferred learning style of student. Based on the learning style of the underachieved student, the mentor can plan the modes of learning and teaching process for them. If she is a auditory learner, she can use lecture methods for teaching. For visual learners, providing displays will be important. Secondly, for kinesthetic learners, giving them practical hands-on experience will promote their professional development. Application of learning theories to enhance learning On the basis of the VAK questionnaire, the preferred learning style identified in the underachieving student was visual learning style. The assigned mentor can plan teaching and assessment strategies according to the visual learning style. In such case, the mentor needs to explain all the concepts related to medicine administration by means of pictures, diagrams and good quality educational videos. They need to integrate all clinical information with visual diagrams. Matching learning style with preferred learning style will ultimately prove beneficial for the underachieved nursing student because this will have a great impact on her ability to acquire the knowledge related to safe medicine administration (Morgan, 2014). All have an individual learning styles that best suits them. Therefore, the underachieved nursing student is expected to take detailed notes and learn fast by means of illustration, graphics and power-point presentation. Hence, visual tools will be used as a teaching tool to improve the skills of the nursing student. Although the focus of mentor is to promote professional development of students, however assessment is required in the area of professional values, interpersonal skills, attitudes and reasoning too (Bennett McGowan, 2014). This is because certain behavior and value also determines the ability to manage risk and remaining persistence with service standards. On the basis of this identification, appropriate action plan can be developed by the mentors. According to the NMC specification, while assessing and documenting the skill of pre-registration nursing student, it is necessary to be factual and non-judgment to identify strength and weakness in particular nursing practice (Nursing Midwifery Council, 2017).In the context of underachieving nursing student, the mentor can identify weakness in clinical skill by reviewing past placement report. Secondly, her attitudes and behavior towards nursing practices can be evaluated by open communication and interaction with the student. This inte raction revealed many efficiencies in student both in terms of professional skills as well as interpersonal skills and professional values. Firstly, the student was found to lack confidence and her communication skill was poor. In the area of medicine administration, determining medicine in different clinical situation was difficult for her. So, the action plan for professional development mainly needs to address the area of competencies in medicine administration and personal attitude towards nursing practice. Developing an action plan for underachieving nursing student to help them achieve specific professional outcome is a challenging task for mentors. However, it can be made easier by outlining different activities such as- Identifying areas of development for nursing students Evaluating how to achieve target learning outcomes. Listing the criteria to assess achievement of outcome Planning a date for achievement of action plan Giving constructive and honest written or verbal assessment feedback to students Implement teaching plan for the achievement of desired competencies (Brown et al., 2012). While teaching the nurse about medicine administration safety, the first important teaching will be to make the student crystal clear about the five stages of medication process- prescribing, transcribing, dispensing and delivery, administering and monitoring process (Halbesleben et al., 2010). In helping the nurse to achieve the required competency in this area, the nurse will not focus on the nursing actions in each process. Instead, it will focus on making the student nurse about errors that can occur in different stage. This will be a unique learning opportunity for student because mentors have the experience in these areas and they provided useful knowledge about practice issues occurring in this activity. This process will enhance the learning process and make the nurse aware about mistakes and ways to address them. The most common issue for nursing student when they enter clinical placement is that they struggle to apply theoretical knowledge into practice in different clinical situations. However, mentors facilitate their transition from one learning environment to another through their knowledge and experience in nursing (Button, Harrington, Belan, 2014). They can also enhance the learning experience of mentors by application of different learning theories in the teaching and mentoring process. Each learning theories can contribute to effective mentorship process. For instance, the behaviorist learning theory focused mainly on change in behavior due to experience or positive reinforcement. It recognizes that behavior can be changes in response to a stimulus. It is relevant to the theories of classical and operant conditioning that focus on reinforcement of rewards to promote change (Montano Kasprzyk, 2015). Hence, to modify students attitudes and response towards an action, the mentor can a lter the stimulus condition in clinical environment. Another theoretical perspective about learning is understood from the cognitive learning theory which focuses on individuals cognition such as perception, thought, memory and way of processing information to promote learning. It is a highly active process in which individual observe, categorize and form generalization about to environment and then develop new insights and learning (Sternberg Zhang, 2014). Hence, contrary to behavioral theory, it does not believe in rewards to enhance learning. A mentor trying to teach nursing students by this method will have to influence the learning process by identifying the past perception, expectation and social influence that affect their learning situation. Another adult learning theory is the andragogy learning theory which regards adult learning as problem centred process. It recognizes the fact that experience forms the basis for learning and people are interesting in learning those things which have immediate relevance in their personal l ife (Merriam, 2015). In my own personal mentoring practice, I would apply the cognitive learning theory to facilitate better learning in the nursing student. Hence, in relation to the inefficiency of the nursing student in safe medicine administration, the main role of mentor will be to assess the past experience of students in this activity and find out how their own expectation and social influences disrupts from achieving the outcome. This can give insight into the mentees expectation and the reasons for which she could not match them during delivery of the activity. Knowing about her own perception can help the mentor to judge whether she has the right professional value to achieve those competencies or not. Secondly, any knowledge or skills gap and other environmental factors in workplace that causes the student nurse to medication errors. Importance of clinical learning environment The main focus of mentors in nursing practice is to support preregistered nurse to achieve the desired competency to confirm their registration as a practice nurse. Hence, nurses mostly focus on characteristics and attitudes of nurse that prevent them from achieving desired professional outcome. However, it cannot be denied that shortcomings and weakness in nursing students alone do not lead to underachievement. Sometimes, the clinical environment of process also acts as a barrier in the accomplishing a clinical task in a safe and effective manner. This may have an impact on the students learning experience too. The clinical environment is necessary for practical experience and development of nurses. However, sometimes the clinical environment only creates stressful situation for nurses. One study investigating about learning challenges of nursing students in clinical environment revealed that insufficient qualification of nursing instructor and unsupportive learning environment crea ted challenges in learning (Baraz, Memarian, Vanaki, 2015). In relation to medication errors by nurses, it was also found that clinical environmental also contributed to this issues. Cheragi et al., (2013) revealed that nurses reported medication errors due to noisy environment, heavy workload, tiredness and lack of adequate support. All these factors are linked to clinical environment. Hence, it cannot be denied that providing an appropriate clinical environment is also necessary to enhance the learning process. To facilitate quality acquisition of clinical experience during placement, it is necessary to adjust clinical learning environment. Therefore, when mentors engage in assessment process, they must also assess nursing students satisfaction with the clinical environment as this also affects their motivation level as well as clinical performance (Papastavrou et al., 2016). After the identification of the learning style, the appropriate assessment of the nursing student can be done by SWOT analysis. This can help to determine the main priorities of action and utilizing strengths as a motivational factor for mentees. The SWOT analysis can act as a useful tool to identify strength and weakness in nursing students and plan teaching objectives accordingly. It can act as a starting block in the interview. The SWOT analysis can assess students in the following ways: Strength- Personal strengths and good qualities as a nursing student Weakness- Areas needing improvement in terms of clinical skill and personal attitude towards nursing Opportunities- Interesting opportunities for the nursing students to achieve competency in medication administration Threat- Personal and environment barriers acting as a threat in the learning and skill acquisition process With SWOT analysis process, objective setting process for learning and skill development will become easier. Reflection on assessment and constructive feedback can provide a positive learning experience to the underachieving student. On basis of identification of weakness and strength, the SMART objectives that can be made by the mentor to train and develop the student includes the following: Helping the student to achieve complete competency in safe medicine administration (Specific) Promoting practice based learning in student through visual aids and exploring past to identify perception, thought and attitude of nursing, evaluation of activities by validation of assessment tools and decisions (Measureable) Full clarity regarding medication administration process will be given through video tutorial and role play (Achievable) Improving communication and interpersonal skills to prevent errors and facilitate collaboration process in nursing practice (Relevant) Conclusion The essay gave an understanding about the duties and responsibilities of a mentor for skill development in pre-registration nursing students. The critical discussion regarding the process followed by a mentor to assess and teach an underachieving student gave insight into the importance of alignment with mentees learning style to promote learning. Furthermore, application of different learning theory was found to enhance the learning process for nursing students. Apart from focus on personal and professional skill development, the importance of effective clinical environment was also found to be important to support and motivate students to learn clinical skills. Completion of this module gave me very important knowledge and insights regarding the non-judgmental attitude and specific planning needed by mentors. It gave me idea about different dimension of mentors role such as that of effective working relationship, evidence-based practice, context of practice, assessment and accounta bility, evaluation of practice and facilitation of learning. 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