Macbeth the Tyrant Essay

Macbeth is a man of many admirable qualities. He is brave and valiant, as addressed by the Sergeant and Duncan, following the killing of the traitor Macdonwald. However, evidently through the gruesome deaths of Duncan`s enemies, a fierce and merciless Macbeth is seen. Yet a strong sense of loyalty emanates as he fights for his king. On the contrary to this fierce and merciless image, Macbeth is regarded as an extremely kind man prior to the murder of Duncan. After reading the letter Macbeth had sent to Lady Macbeth, she says, â€Å"Yet I do fear thy nature, it is too full o`the milk of human kindness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. . 16-17). She is saying that Macbeth is much too kind-hearted to do what is necessary to become king. This respectable and admirable side to Macbeth is short-lived. In his effort to obtain power, his moralities are pushed aside, resulting with the destruction of his admirable self. His weak traits and characteristics gradually surface as the play goes on. Macbeth, foll owing the introduction of Lady Macbeth, is seen as weak and indecisive as he yields to Lady Macbeth’s taunts and evidently questions his moralities. After cowardly killing Duncan in his sleep, his morality results with him to be guilt ridden. From here, his morality only continues to decline with his desire to stay in power. To do so, Macbeth takes precautions to remain as king and orders the death of Banquo and Fleance. The idea of friendship is evidently ignored, as whereas he felt remorse and guilt from killing Duncan, little to none remorse was shown for killing his long-time friend Banquo. Subsequently, what morality he has left extinguishes when he orders the death of Macduff’s innocent family without even contemplating about it. Whereas he was tormented by ghosts and voices for his past murders, the execution of an innocent child and wife does not even faze him. Morality is what keeps Macbeth in check and without it, Macbeth plummets from the levels of respect and admiration, to the depths where he is cursed at, despised, and consequently, defeated. The tragic hero of the play, Macduff, ultimately sacrifices his family and clear conscience for the liberation and prosperity of his country, Scotland. His passion and loyalty to Scotland, leads him to his quest to find the rightful heir to the throne and subsequently, leads to the death of his family. A family is something that everyone holds dear in their hearts and for Macduff to lose his family; Macduff is essentially losing a part of him. Distraught in Macduff is quickly apparent following the news that his family was brutally slaughtered. Macduff’s response to this crime is, â€Å"He has no children. All my pretty ones?†¦ At one fell swoop? † (4. 3. 216-218) and, â€Å"I must also feel it like a man. † (4. 3. 221). Macduff is saying that he will never be able to take proper justice as Macbeth has no children. This indicates that his son is clearly dear to him and essentially means a part of him disappears forever as his son dies. Furthermore, when he says he must feel it like a man, there is even more emphasis to the grievance, guilt and anger he is feeling. Of the mixed emotions he is feeling, this guilt is what ruins his once clear conscience for the rest of his life. Despite knowing the possible dangers that his family will encounter, he decides to go to England still. Thus, when his family parts to the afterlife, so does his clear conscience. Macduff is guilt ridden and lives everyday knowing he is partially to blame. Lastly, Lady Macbeth relinquishes her femininity, the ultimate sacrifice a woman can make, and relationship with Macbeth in order for him to obtain the crown. After reading the letter Macbeth sends her, she appeals to the spirits and calls for them to give her strength in order to persuade her husband to commit the murder. She calls to the spirits saying, â€Å"Come, you spirits†¦unsex me here, and fill me, from the crown to the toe, top-full of direst cruelty,† (1. 5. 40-43). It is here we see the beginning of the inner struggles she is destined to face as she continues down this path and knows she must sacrifice her femininity in order to help her husband. In addition to her already declining femininity, as she is undermining Macbeth and insulting his manhood, she mentions, â€Å"How tender tis to love the babe that milk me. I would, while it was smiling in my face, have pluck’d my nipple from his boneless gums, and dash’d the brains out†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (1. 7. 55-58). In this quote, she is saying that she would kill a baby if Macbeth commits treason. At first, Lady Macbeth presents the image of a loving, mother and child bonding, which expresses her feminine qualities. However, what femininity she expresses is quickly shutdown as she gives her disturbing example of her determination and thus, lack of femininity. In addition to her sacrifice of femininity, her relationship with Macbeth diminishes as well. After manipulating her husband to killing Duncan, there is a clear shift in power. Macbeth appears to require his wife less as he continues to be king and she slowly fades into the background. Whereas Lady Macbeth was completely involved in the murdering of Duncan, she was not even informed about the killing of Macduff’s family. Furthermore, Macbeth seeks guidance from the witches rather than Lady Macbeth, reinforcing her declining importance. By the end of the play, when she is broken and guilt-ridden, Macbeth receives information about his wife’s condition through a doctor rather than in person. At this point, it is not even a relationship and whether or not Lady Macbeth is Macbeth’s, â€Å"dearest partner of greatness,† is questionable.

Hazlitt RH Analysis Essay

In this world, money is a necessity. In William Hazlitt’s critical and didactic excerpt from, â€Å"On the Want of Money,† he bears witness and exposes to his audience that although money is not necessarily a source of happiness, it is fundamental in order to achieve any other sort of joy and comfort on earth. Hazlitt employs adverse diction and the layering of evidence through syntax to then further his argument on the necessity of money. Hazlitt’s fatalistic diction exposed to the readers how without money, one’s life on earth is rather misfortunate and uncomfortable, to say the least. Words such as, â€Å"despised,† â€Å"exile,† â€Å"rejected,† and â€Å"avoided,† reveal the bleak lifestyle of a poverty-stricken, penniless human being. This pessimistic diction suggests and constructs the awful, unhappy life that one will live in the lack of money. Words such as, â€Å"disappointment,† dissatisfied,† â€Å"querulous,† and â€Å"morose,† demonstrates the discontent which one lives life feeling if there is no money to spend on luxuries and other such pleasures. However, diction such as, â€Å"hope,† â€Å"succeed,† â€Å"enthusiasm,† and â€Å"fortune,† suggest that a life of riches and abundance is also a life of satisfaction. Through Hazlitt’s gloomy diction, he was able to disclose with his audience his position on the necessity of money if one desires to life a well-off, enjoyable life. William Hazlitt’s layering of evidence aided in bringing to light his argument on the vitality of having money in order to live a favorable life because he had the information to sustain his appeal. One piece of material exercised to further his point was â€Å"to be a law-stationer, or a scrivener or scavenger,† suggesting that a life without money is similar to the life of a scrounger with nothing of his own. The evidence, to be â€Å"avoided by those who know your worth and shrink from it is as a claim on their respect or their purse,† manifests the idea that you will be treated differently by those who  are aware of the amount of money in your pocket. Lastly, the piece of evidence stating, â€Å"to be a burden to your relations, or unable to do anything for them,† validates that with money, people will feel pity for you and your situation, but without it, you cannot help others—or yourself. The layering of evidence done through syntax in this advisory excerpt exposes the theme that Hazlitt was constructing: being the fact that in this society, money will be the cornerstone to happiness and progress. â€Å"Literally and truly, one cannot get on well in this world without money.† William Hazlitt both understood and felt that it was his duty to prove to his audience why money has become a necessity in this world. He employed depressing diction and the scaffolding of evidence to more clearly emphasize his point of view â€Å"on the want of money.†

Effective Communication in Early Childhood Education Essay

Effective communication creates a learning environment where students can learn according to their individual needs in a safe and accommodating environment. Think about your early childhood education (or your child’s early education), was it flexible to suit individual learning experiences or were children required to conform to the teacher’s methods of teaching? If you answered the latter, do you think the former would improve the quality of education? Pedagogues’ in all divisions of education should possess proficiency in different levels of communication, whether they are teaching primary or secondary students or university alumni, to be able to address a combination of the various age groups (colleagues, students, parents or†¦show more content†¦Each situation is different and teachers should be aware of their body language, and use of language, so when speaking with parents their communication should be different when talking to parents than when th ey are chatting with friends. The first step is establishing a dialogue by approaching the parent first and making them feel welcome and relaxed, as parents may be resistant in making first contact, due to, a bad experience with teachers themselves, as children or bad experiences in other schools with other teachers (Miller, 2003 Roffey, 2002 as cited by Porter, 2008). There are different strategies teachers can use to maintain effective communication with parents and build strong relationships once they have made communication. Keeping a parents trust is important in maintaining open lines of communication so they can discuss concerns relating to the child and solve issues promptly. Teachers can gain parents confidence by always respecting confidentiality and avoiding rumours. If a parent finds out that, their child’s teacher breached confidentiality or is a known gossip, parents will find it difficult to confide in them with an issue regarding their child, particularly if it is of a personal nature. Parents are also more likely to approach their child’s teacher if they know they can discuss issues and reach a mutual agreement (Bender, 2005). Teacher-parentShow MoreRelatedEffective Communication in the Early Childhood Education Environment1517 Words   |  7 Pagesyour early childhood education (or your child’s early education), was it flexible to suit individual learning experiences or were children required to conform to the teacher’s methods of teaching? If you answered the latter, do you think the former would improve the quality of education? The initial years of education are crucial to learning, development and growth, during these first years children’s experiences shape their learning methods and they are able to learn rapidly, for this, early childhoodRead MoreGood Communication Skills are Essential for Early Childhood Education1306 Words   |  6 PagesGood communication skills form a critical element of early childhood education. 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Early education is voluntary, and therefore some children areRead MoreThis Chapter Will Provide The Theoretical Framework For1281 Words   |  6 Pagesgrounded in several universal theories. The scope and backdrop of the research study is based on Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory, Epstein’s Home, School, and Community Topology and National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) Standards for Early Childhood Prof essional Preparation. Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory. Most of psychological and sociological research uses Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems Theory to understand human development within the contextRead MoreInfancy and Early Childhood1150 Words   |  5 PagesInfancy and Early Childhood Development Paper Beverly Mahone PSY/375 July 11, 2011 Andrew Rodriguez Infancy and Early Childhood Development Paper The immature years of life and the stage in which the most development occurs in a child are referred to as infancy and early childhood. In this paper the subject will explain development during infancy and early childhood, explain how families affect the development of infants and young children, evaluate different parenting styles and

Culture The Light Of A Society - 1097 Words

Ghayoor Mulk Professor Stites History 86 5th October 2016 Culture; The Light of a Society A nation stays alive when its beliefs, values, history and cultural integrity stay alive, and a nation dies when it’s mentioned unique identities die. Culture constitutes a complex tissue of mutual relationships and set different forms of tradition and expression within a society. Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India are the heartlands of various cultures, yet they share many identities. Historically, these are the main locations from which the most dominant cultural ideas have spread. The Egyptian is one of the ancient cultures and is unique in many mysterious ways. The way their religion motivated their architecture and their belief, is very interesting and astonishing. Egypt still holds some of the world’s greatest mysteries, such as; pyramids, temples, tombs and monuments. Egyptians had a remarkable number of gods and goddesses. The Pharaoh was at the heart of Egypt’s ritual life. There were the sun, moon, and stars; from these things the Egyptians made their hierarchy of Gods and religion. Ancient Egyptians had a very positive attitude toward daily life. They followed the advice of the wisdom literature, which was marrying at a young age and forming a family. Husband was allowed to keep additional wives if his first wife was childless. The husband was the master in the house, but wives were very much respected and in charge of the household and education of the children.Show MoreRelated The Medium is the Message Essay1075 Words   |  5 PagesThe Medium is the Message McLuhan’s work with literature and culture produced the revolutionary thought that â€Å"the medium is the message.† In other words, cultures are changed not only by the â€Å"content† of technology, but also by the technology itself. The basic â€Å"content† of technology is easy to recognize. The content of the railway would seem to be transportation; the content of the Internet would seem to be information. But McLuhan’s idea that the medium proclaiming the â€Å"content† is itselfRead MoreHalf the Sky Documentary Evaluation1025 Words   |  5 Pagesoppression of women around the world. It brings to light the issues that, even in todays society, are still occurring. Women, young adults, and children everywhere in the world are becoming victims to abuse, rape, and being deprived of getting an education. This film documents Nikolas Kristof going around the world with the help of well known people in America to show some of the issues and some organizations that are working to change the way society views women and children. Early in the documentaryRead MoreWomen And Food Chains : A Dynamic And Diverse System883 Words   |  4 Pagesdiverse system which encompasses many aspects of our cult ure and our society. 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Ellison uses light as a symbol for this truth, or reality of the world, along with contrasts between dark/light and black/white to help show the invisible mans evolving un derstanding of the concept that the peopleRead MoreMajor Differences between Cultures765 Words   |  3 PagesThe final major difference between cultures has to do with their economic system. There are three worldviews on how we make money: dependent, independent, and interdependent. In an agricultural economy or dependent worldview, there is a great discrepancy between the peasant class and the elite ruling class. The masses are more reliant on family and village groups, and they believe putting the group first is beneficial for society as a whole. 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The text is constructed in a way that allows non-muslim readers to understand the culture of the muslim faith and take a look into the culture and the hardships they face in society, all through the eyes of a non-muslim British female (Tarlo 2010). Ethnicity is presented as an outlook a community has that sets them apart from the rest, either through dress, religion, language and/orRead MoreMovimientos de R edeldia Y Las Culturas Que Traicionan from Borderlands/La Frontera: the New Mestiza by Gloria Anzaldua1734 Words   |  7 Pagesrace. Colonialism was a racialized, gendered and sexualized classification of people based on race. Gender was socially constructed. This dichotomy of people was made up of the light side, the liminal side and the dark side. The light side consisted of white men, white bourgeois, colonials and white women. The light side was considered dichotomously binary where heterosexuality was institutionalized. This dichotomy was not complementary. 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Though ultimately hopeful for the future of humanity, Thoreau expresses disdain and concern in regard to its current state. Comparing human nature to that of the wild, Thoreau writes, â€Å"few and fewer thoughts visit each growing man from year to year, for the grove in our minds is laid

Human Rights Trials And Truth Commissions - 882 Words

Conjunctive use of human rights trials and truth commissions The preceding discussions, in their entirety, validate the inherent predisposition of the objectives, benefits and quality of disclosures during truth-telling in transitional societies to interrogation, precisely how this truth-telling can be esteemed as rendering justice for GHRV when weighed against human rights trials. Sikkink and Booth Walling vehemently oppose the impression that transitional societies are obligated with selecting between ‘truth’ and ‘justice’, especially that truth commissions are an executable surrogate strategy to human rights trials. They advocate for a conjunctive application of ‘truth’, through truth commissions, and ‘justice’, through human rights†¦show more content†¦Propelling each of the three in delicate post-struggle settings requires key arranging, cautious incorporation and sensible sequencing of exercises. Methodologies concentrating just on some establishment or overlooking common socie ty or casualties, won t be powerful. Our way to deal with equity segment must be extensive in its thoughtfulness regarding the greater part of its associated organizations, delicate to the key gatherings and careful to the requirement for complementarity between transitional equity systems. Our fundamental part is not to assemble universal substitutes for national structures but rather to fabricate local equity limits Justice, peace and democracy are not mutually exclusive objectives but rather mutually reinforcing imperatives. Advancing all three in fragile post-conflict settings requires strategic planning, careful integration and sensible sequencing of activities. Approaches focusing only on one or another institution or ignoring civil society or victims, will not be effective. Our approach to justice sector must be comprehensive in its attention to all of its interdependent institutions, sensitive to the key groups and mindful to the need for complementarity between transitional justice mechanisms. Our main role is not to build international substitutes for national structures but to help build domestic justice capacities. Human rights

Marketing intelligence in SMEs

Question: Flesh out a market plan for the product, discussing key elements of the 3 Cs and the 4 Ps. Identify Why you are choosing the strategies you choose and the interactions of the different strategic elements. Be specific and make necessary assumptions where appropriate.? Answer: Developing a marketing plan: Marketing involves a lot of preparation and also takes lot of time to develop an effective plan for any particular product in the market. A strong and developed marketing plan will help to ensure that what is to be scheduled and hoe much amount of funds are necessary to be spent so that a product could be developed into the market. It is necessary to build up a marketing plan because it does a lot to build up a product in the market. It involves everything to help to understand the target market and also seek to understand the competitive position in the market of that particular company or any particular product. It also helps to create a level of differentiation from the other competitors so that the company can make a sale out of the product as well as of the company. This also helps to achieve the marketing goals and objectives within a short span of time (Cacciolatti Fearne, 2013). The company had strategized and had planned to develop a pattern of computer display that comes with rigid rectangular surfaces that is the scroll type computers. If any individual wants to use a computer display then they can simply grab on the side of the tube and put the scroll out of the tube. The diameter is usually larger and all the electronics are within that particular tube. The size of the screen is usually based according to the length of the tube. These kind of displays are compatible with all the formats of the operating system and it comes with full HD color display as well. The scroll type monitors are considered to be 10% more expensive when compared with other type of displays that are available in the market. The sizes if such type of screens also needs to be compared with the other available monitor screens available in the market (Malhotra Dash, 2013). The target consumer market for such type of monitoring screen are very fragmented and there are few dominant players who come into the role and they play a significant role here. The technology is more updated with personal computer monitoring system. There are various other particular segments that customizes their own needs. There are students and other corporate travelers who come up with their own needs and these consumers tend to stay away from the desk and they are more aligned to use mobiles. They are in need of a high quality and stable monitor so that they can be saved from alien monsters like the corporate world desktops that have giant screen to work for. The computer monitor market is been said to be growing every year by 10 percent. But the margins after selling it is becoming very low (Okeudo Margaret, 2013). This happens mainly because of the fact that there is a need for customization and also of private label activity that is said to have taken place with personal c omputer manufacturers and some of it also takes place because of high sales promotional activities. The consumers need to purchase a new computer monitor every time whenever they purchases a new computer from the market. Proper business planning will necessarily ensure 3Cs and 4Ps as well in the market. These will help to exercise and make the exercise more valuable in terms of its other businesses. It helps to make a business well-structured and organized and helps a business to grow and sustain in an organized way as well. The 3Cs of a company are Company, customer and competition. On the other hand the 4PS are product, price, promotion and place. Company: the company matters a lot while developing any new product in the market. Here the product that is been discussed is scroll type personal computer displays. It is very important to see that what type of marketing and RD team is been there within the team so that they can help extensively in developing the new product and also help in promoting the new product in the market as well (Stosic, 2014). Customers: here the target customers are students and the corporate users those who are bored of using desktops. They were in need of a high quality and stable monitors so that they could be saved from the alien monsters of the corporate desktops. They were more aligned to use mobiles so that their work would just be a click away. Such customers were in need of a low desktop space and they required large screens for spreadsheets, email and also using word documents. Also there are general residential users who need such scroll type personal computer displays to use social media as a time of their leisure time. Also they required email answering and doing elementary school kid homework. People try to upgrade these screens as a part of their personal computers. Competition: The Company as well as the product received a tough competition. There were few dominant players who gave tough competition. It was important to differentiate the product as and when it is been compared with its competitors. The company being a small enterprise also received competition from the small players and the new entrants those who are coming in the market. The main reason that they received high competition because such scroll type displays were a bit expensive therefore not every people could afford with that much of ease and comfort. The 4Ps of the product are as follows: Product: the product is been designed in a shape of a tube apart from the usual ones that comes in a rectangular surfaces. If any individual wants to use a computer display the can simply grab the ring on the side of the tube and gently put the scroll out of the tube. The electronics that are present in the tube are also larger in diameter than as compared to a dry erase marker. The size of the screen is based on the length of the tube. The display comes along with visual of full color HD display. And such screens are compatible with all operating system formats ('Technology-Driven Online Marketing Performance Measurement: 2014). Price: When the sizes are been compared with the rigid computers these type of monitors are about 10 percent more expensive. These type of displays are expected to be sold in all the retail shops at a price between $400-$800 that is based on the size of the monitors and the screens as well. Place: place is determined by the demographic condition about the product that is been highlighted in the company. Here the major demographic segment includes the target customers who are students and the corporate users those who are bored of using desktops. They were in need of a high quality and stable monitors so that they could be saved from the alien monsters of the corporate desktops. They were more aligned to use mobiles so that their work would just be a click away. Such customers were in need of a low desktop space and they required large screens for spreadsheets, email and also using word documents. Promotion: These type of computer monitor market is been growing at 10 percent every year but the sales margins were low. The promotional activities mainly involved intensive sales promotions that are required to get the customers and they are instigated to buy new monitors every time whenever they purchase a new computer. References Cacciolatti, L. and Fearne, A. (2013). Marketing intelligence in SMEs: implications for the industry and policy makers.Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 31(1), pp.4-26. Malhotra, N. and Dash, S. (2013). Future of research in marketing in emerging economies.Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 31(2). Okeudo, G. and Margaret, O. (2013). The Impact of Marketing Mix (4Ps) on Warehousing Operations: Case Study of Unilever Nigeria PLC.American Journal of Business and Management, 2(2). Rahman, K. (2013). Wow! It's cool: the meaning of coolness in marketing.Mrkting Intelligence Plan, 31(6), pp.620-638. Rakonjac-Antic, T. (2013). Management of key pension plan risks from the user aspects.Marketing, 44(2), pp.128-136. Stosic, I. (2014). The role of marketing in corporate restructuring in crisis period.Marketing, 45(1), pp.41-49. Tapp, A. and Spotswood, F. (2013). From the 4Ps to COM-SM: reconfiguring the social marketing mix.Journal of Social Marketing, 3(3), pp.206-222. Technology-Driven Online Marketing Performance Measurement:. (2014).International Journal of Online Marketing, 4(4), pp.0-0.

Politicization of Bureaucracy in Pakistan free essay sample

Human societies have been gone through a drastic shift from a very simple life (stone age),to a very complex life, which is now termed as Post-Modern societies or states. Due to this transition, systems had evolved into formal and well organized manner. Now for smooth functioning of a society or state, institute of Government is needed. So Governments are key elements of our social lives and their actions routinely shape the lives of individuals. Governments, which ever political systems they belong to; are not a single entity rather are composed of many departments, institutions and agencies; which jointly work together to ensure smooth running of society. Today the concept of governance carries an important ground. It is the use of political authority and use of control over policy matters to achieve the goal of people’s welfare (K. Sumrin, 2008). The main objective of good governance is to achieve harmony of society, rule of law, economic stability and improved life standards of people and this is done bf devising policies. We will write a custom essay sample on Politicization of Bureaucracy in Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although, policy making is attributed to elected representatives in a democratic form of governance however, the task of implementation however remains attributed to the bureaucratic machinery which forms the lifeblood of administration. Bureaucracies form an integral part of the government and they do a lot more than just execution of policies. A bureaucrat can be the secretary of a ministry, the CEO of a state enterprise, Director General or a street level bureaucrat such as welfare departments, lower courts, legal services offices, and other agencies. To which ever cadre they belong, bureaucrats have a crucial role to play in delivering governance In short, bureaucracy in the developing countries are seen as engine of growth, development and an agent of change. Characteristics of Bureaucracy: The term bureaucracy was firstly coined by Max Weber for formal organizations concerned with efficiency. It is defined as: â€Å"An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. † There are following six key elements of the ideal bureaucratic organization identified by Max Weber: Specialization Hierarchy of offices Rules and regulations Technical competence Impersonality Formal, written communications All these characteristics were mean to promote efficiency by carefully hiring workers and limiting the unpredictable effects of personal taste and opinion. Considering the ideal model of Weberian bureaucracy the legal-rational bureaucracy is focused to compliance to the direction from the political representatives of the people. State of bureaucracy in Pakistan: Pakistan had a small bureaucracy at the time of independence. However in the past five decades it has grown and expanded and become a fairly large and amorphous lot. Federal government employs over 5 lac civil servants. Out this 90 percent are between Grades 1–15, while 10 percent are in Grades 16–22. Of these the CSS officers comprise around 5 percent. After studying literature on the nature and role of bureaucracy in Pakistan, it shows that it is far from the ideal model of Webers bureaucracy which brings efficiency in governance process. Literature suggests that the nature and function of bureaucracy depends majorly on level of socio-economic development and political system of the society. But in the case of Pakistan where politics is a function of Patronage, bureaucracy remains plagued with institutional decline and their compliance generally comes from coercive (in case of autocratic regimes) and negotiable (in case of democratic regimes) means (S. Saeed, 1999). Research Problem: By considering the importance of the role of bureaucracy for promoting peaceful atmosphere in the society and its politicized nature in Pakistan this research aims to investigate the following problem: â€Å"Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been highly politicized with every change of government which lowered its capacity to maintain law and order for keeping peaceful atmosphere in the society. † Objectives: To analyze the importance of the role of bureaucracy for maintenance of law and order in Pakistan. To find out the reasons and impact of politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan. To find out some solutions in order to sort out the issue. Research Methodology: By keeping in view the nature and objectives of the study, qualitative research approach using grounded theory method of unstructured interviews was used. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample of the study. Total of 4 key informants were selected based on equal gender representation, 2 male respondents and 2 female respondents. Data was collected through 3 personal face to face interviews and 1 telephonic interview to get all possible facts pertaining to the problem. An unstructured interview guide (see appendix 1) was developed to remain focus on the problem being investigated. In addition, responses were recorded by using the note-taking technique to create a positive environment for interviews and to keep the respondents at ease. The maximum time for conducting interviews remained between 60-75 minutes. After gathering the data, it was carefully analyzed by using the technique of â€Å"Thematic Analysis†. Responses were organized around the common themes which were derived out of the thematic analysis. Data Analysis: This section includes the transcripts along with the analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered by in-depth interviews of key informants. As discussed above data is thematically analyzed to get the deeper insight of the problem. Along with it Transcripts of interviews are also included. Personal profile of Interviewees: The 4 in-depth interviews were conducted 2 from males and 2 from females’ respondents. There personal profile along with the type of interview and time duration is given in the table below: Personal Information of Respondents Name Gender Professional status Time duration of interview Mode of Interview Dr. Zikria Zakar Male Dean of faculty of Social Sciences,Punjab University 57 minutes Face to face Ms. Habiba Rana Female Assistant director (LDA) grade-18 65 minutes Face to face Anonymous* Female Civil servant(grade 21) 75 minutes Face to face Naik Muhammad Khan Male Secretary public welfare Punjab 45 minutes Telephonic Transcripts Transcript of Dr. Zikria Zakars Interview [Q-1] In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? â€Å"Bureaucracy has a very crucial role in the governance itself because we cannot de-link the state from the governance process. An efficient bureaucracy is imperative to advance good governance. The primary function of bureaucracy is the execution and enforcement of the laws made by the legislature and policies decided by the political executive. Besides this the other important functions are: Carrying out administration, offering policy advice, articulating interests and maintaining political stability. â€Å"I think to run the administration of a country nicely, a band of capabl  officers are required. In Pakistan, bureaucracy has always been an elite service. The bureaucrats are rich, highly privileged and in many ways more powerful than most politicians of our country. † [Q-2] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes, most of the bureaucrats are de-facto party sympathizers and are guided by unofficial political a ffiliations rather than the indifference their jobs require†. [Q-3] In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? Well in my opinion, the main reasons for this dilemma are: â€Å"We did not do any serious efforts to manage our national affairs due to which we are facing a huge number of problems in all spheres of life and this bureaucratic inertia is one of them. Our bureaucracy is always willing to accept under -the- table payments. I admit that not all people are corrupt; obviously few are here to help the people, but usually â€Å"side lined†. â€Å"Similarly poor accountability mechanism makes it extremely difficult to challenge bureaucrats when there are disagreements. † â€Å"Another reason is the state of affairs in the country is characterized by rampant corruption at all levels leading to a break down in the rule of law and lack of accountability all around. All these things lead to collapse of our governance structure. And I strongly believe that this failure is the result of public bureaucracy that has failed to perform because they are managerially incompetent and lacking in accountability. † â€Å"There is no transparency in the functioning of bureaucracy. No one knows who is responsible for what. This has provided the ideal climate for corruption and allowing the politicization of the bureaucrats. † [Q-4] What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"It is quite obvious that such sympathies cause a conflict of public and personal interests and which significantly leads towards poor performance as well as increase in level of corruption in the form of embezzlement, abuse of power and extortion etc. † [Q-5] What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"Well I think, the political leadership must do their own job of establishing policy and holding public service managers accountable for their wrong actions. Although, I know this will face tough challenges but it should be the first step. † Which sort of challenges? â€Å"Like to create political consensus. † â€Å"I think if we want any kind of reforms in bureaucracy, there is a need to define the whole idea of public value and then re-inculcated in the cycle of bureaucracy. As we have lost this value†. â€Å"Bureaucrats have become masters of obfuscation in our country so things cannot continue as they are. That is why there is a need of immediate downsizing of bureaucracies to reduce the government payroll and also to improve efficiency†. Transcript of Ms. Habibas interview [Q-1] In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? â€Å"It is quite true that state functions are dependent on political parties, bureaucratic administration, judiciary and the military so whenever one of them fails, the next in line takes its position of command. It is usually taught that bureaucracy and its functions leads towards more efficient results but as far as my personal experience is concerned, honestly I did not see any practical significance of all these functions rather in my opinion, they have become the main obstacles in smooth running of day to day work†. [Q-2] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes it is very much true that bureaucracy has been highly politicized and this state machinery and perks are used for private use and interests. State funds are exploited for private purposes. Every political party tried their best to appoint bureaucrats of their own choice on all those important positions which can have any kind of direct or indirect influence on government†. â€Å"Appointment of Chairman of NAB, IGs, and the most recent example is the termination of chairman of NADRA etc. There are various such examples around us†. [Q-3] In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? â€Å"I strongly believe that political leadership feeble nature allowed the bureaucrats to take over the reins of the country. Such self-centered politicians open floodgates of opportunities for institutional breaches. It is a usual practice that junior officers are promoted out of turn to burden them with favors, which they later return to their political benefactors†. â€Å"As i said earlier, that our political parties and leaders created this culture of favoritism and political affiliation in bureaucracy. Now it has become a norm to use bureaucrats for personal interests. On the other hand, bureaucracies themselves are inclined towards personal gains in term of promotions and money etc. So both sides are equally responsible for administrative inefficiency. What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"All the negative results are in-front of us including poor situation of law and order, extensive corruption in national projects, destruction of infrastructure and inefficiency of all major public organizations etc. All these are the product of bureaucratic mess†. [Q-5] What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue? â€Å"I do not think any measure can be taken in the situation where everyone is involved in corruption in one way to another. They delay major projects of national interest just to serve personal interests. We need a revolutionary kind of reforms both in political as well as in bureaucratic structure. All setup should be replaced by the best talent, regardless of political antecedent†. Transcript of 18th grade Civil servants Interview (Respondents profile is not provided to ensure anonymity according to agreement) [Q-1] In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? â€Å"In developing countries, bureaucracy is considered to be an engine of good governance and development as along with other public institutions, it was expected to provide leadership, order and stability in the country. In modern political systems, bureaucracy is expected to ensure continuity of policies, political order, and stability, uphold rule of law, and promote economic development and cultural cohesion. [Q-2] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes a lot of political interference peeped into the bureaucratic structure, causing negative impact on administration and governance. The government servants could play a positive role in establishing good governance in the country only if they had a sense of security. It is possible only if they have assurance that no adverse action would be taken against them for non-compliance of any illegal order or direction of his superiors or political heads†. â€Å"The government had established the National Accountability Bureau with a view to eradicating corruption and corrupt practices and hold accountable all those persons accused of such practices. However, it has failed to perform its functions to the expectation of the general public because the concerned officials of NAB did succumb to the external or internal pressures. Resultantly, the large sums of public money, illegally plundered, could not be recovered, This is only one example; our history is full of such political interferences. [Q-3] In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? â€Å"Because of favoritism, nepotism and also due to exploitation of the government employees through their appointments, removals and promotions. In Pakistan the appointment and removal of civil servants always remain politically motivated. All these help to serve their personal interests†. [Q-4] What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"Consequences are quite obvious â€Å"It triggered the lowering of standards, violation of principles of good administration, thus paving way for nepotism, and political interference, leading to poor governance, maladministration and indeed corruption. Can you please identify some ways of corruption in our bureaucracies? All forms of misuse of authority should be seen as corruption, these mainly include: violation of formal standard operating procedures, appeasing the power elite, unnecessary government expenditure, nepotism, bribery and illegal financial kick-backs for granting tenders. What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"It is necessary that best talent of country be attracted to civil services. Since bureaucracy has been so notorious for its political role, most of educated class avoids taking the competitive exam. They instead prefer the private sector and multinational firms as they not only pay well but also do not require dependence on any patronage for career advancement†. â€Å"Another measure which should be taken without delay is the strengthening of a system of accountability and procedural control†. â€Å"I also think that Public Service Commission must be fairly autonomous†. Transcript of Mr. Naik Muhammad Khans interview [Q-1] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes, since the very first regime of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, several key bureaucrats showed a readiness for increasing their role in political affairs. Individuals such as Malik Ghulam Muhammad and Iskander Mirza who ascended to the apex of political power in Pakistan originally hailed from the bureaucracy and lacked democratic credentials†. In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? â€Å"An absence of competent and assertive political leadership creates space for other actors to intervene on the pretext that the country needs to be saved from anarchy and corruption. Both the bureaucracy, and the military of Pakistan, has used this vacuum created by the political leadership whenever it seemed convenient to them†. [Q-3] What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"A politicized bureaucracy is fertile ground for nepotism, jobbery, financial corruption and other forms of misuse of authority. The outcome of all this is inevitably a situation where merit, honesty and diligence are compromised making the functioning of bureaucracy significantly less effective and efficient†. [Q-4] What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"Politicians must lead from the front; they must practice, promote and enforce strict non-interference in order to bring on track actors belonging to political and administrative domains of governance. Furthermore, better accountability should be ensured so that misuse of office can be curbed and a constructive work-ethic could be harnessed†. Thematic Analysis Due to qualitative nature of research, data is analyzed thematically. Researcher read the transcripts again and again in order became familiar with respondents opinions and explanations regarding the topic and hence identified the following themes from the data: First theme: Importance of the role of bureaucracy It is interpreted through the analysis of in-depth interviews that all the respondents were of the view that bureaucracy plays a significant role in the state structure. An efficient bureaucracy is imperative to advance good governance. E. g. Dr. Zikria said â€Å"I think to run the administration of a country nicely, a band of capable officers are required. † Similarly according to Ms. Habiba â€Å"It is quite true that state functions are dependent on political parties, bureaucratic administration, judiciary and the military † Similar views were shared by another respondent who said that â€Å"Bureaucracy is considered as an engine of good governance. † Second theme: Politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan Analysis of responses shows that all the four respondents shared this opinion that in Pakistan, it is clearly evident that bureaucracy has been highly politicized. It lacks neutrality and indifference that their jobs require. While giving opinion Dr. Zikria said that â€Å"Yes, most of the bureaucrats are de-facto party sympathizers and are guided by unofficial political affiliations. † According to Habiba Rana â€Å"Every political party tried their best to appoint favorite officer on all those positions which can have any kind of direct or indirect influence on government. † Second female respondent argued that â€Å"A lot of political interference peeped into bureaucratic structure, causing negative impacts on administration and governance. † Same views were also shared by Mr. Naik by saying â€Å"since the very first regime of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, several key bureaucrats showed a readiness for increasing their role in political affairs. † Third theme: Reasons and consequences of politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan It is interpreted from the responses that poor accountability mechanism, managerial incompetency, lack of transparency in bureaucratic functions and the culture of favoritism are the main factors for politicization. For example while answering the question related to reasons for politicization of bureaucracy Ms. Habiba said that â€Å"it’s become norm to use bureaucrats for personal use on the other hand, bureaucrats themselves are inclined towards gaining benefits † Thus it is interpreted that all these reasons leads towards negative consequences or impacts on states functioning because politicized bureaucracy provides a fertile ground for nepotism, jobbery, financial corruption and other forms of misuse of authority. The common ways of corruption which highlighted by most of respondents were appeasing the power elite, bribery, illegal financial kick-backs for granting tenders, misuse of authority, embezzlement, allocation of state land to private interests, before time promotions and illegal perks etc. Fourth theme: Possible Measures All the respondents came up with their own recommendations in order to sort out this issue. Some common ideas were as: Revolutionary kinds of reforms are needed in both political and bureaucratic structure. The best talent, regardless of political antecedent must be employed. A system of accountability and procedural control must also be strengthened. It is important to mention here that no major differences in the opinions were find regarding the politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan which lowered its capacity to maintain law and order for keeping peaceful atmosphere in the society. Conclusion: It is concluded from the analysis of responses that all were in the view that bureaucracy has a very crucial role in the governance itself. But sadly, Politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan is the biggest menace, which plagues governance and both politicians and bureaucrats are implicit in the crime. It is the need of time to bring reforms in bureaucratic functioning in order to maintain law and order peaceful atmosphere in the society. References Shafqat, S. (1999). Pakistani bureaucracy: Crisis of Governance and Prospects of Reforms. The Pakistan Development Review, 38, 995-1017. Kalia, S. (2009). Bureaucratic policy making in Pakistan. The Dialouge, 8, 2. Biber, H. , Leavy, P. (2010). The Practice of Quantitative Research: SAGE. Appendix: 1 Interview Guide In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy?